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Biology B1, B2 AND B3 > Cell and movement across membrane > Flashcards

Cell and movement across membrane Flashcards

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1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from a high area of concentration to a low area of concentration across a partially permeable membrane. Doesn’t require energy.

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2
Q

What 4 factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Temperature.
Decrease the distance of diffusion.
Increase S.A.
Increase rate of concentration gradient.

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3
Q

What is an example of diffusion in plant cells?

A

CO2 enters the stomata and oxygen moves out of cells by diffusion.

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4
Q

Define osmosis.

A

The movement of water through a partially permeable membrane from a higher water potential to a lower water potential. Doesn’t require energy.

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5
Q

Example of osmosis.

A

Reabsorption of water in the kidneys.

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6
Q

What does hypotonic mean?

A

More dilute solution outside the cell.

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7
Q

What does hypertonic mean?

A

More concentrated solution outside the cell.

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8
Q

How do you find the change in mass

A

(Final mass - Initial mass) / Initial mass x 100

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9
Q

Define active transport.

A

Allows cells to move substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Energy is required.

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10
Q

Example of active transport.

A

Nutrients in the soil moves from low to high concentration into the hair cells.

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11
Q

Define mitosis.

A

A type of cell division which produces daughter cells identical to the parent.

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase.
Mitosis.
Cytokinesis.

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13
Q

What is interphase?

A

The replication of the cell, ready for mitosis.

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14
Q

What is prophase?

A

Where the nucleus membrane breaks down.

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15
Q

What is metaphase?

A

When the chromosomes align across the centre of the cell.

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16
Q

What is anaphase?

A

When one copy of each chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.

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17
Q

What is telophase?

A

When the nuclear membrane forms.

18
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

When the cell membrane and cytoplasm divide into 2 daughter cells.

19
Q

What are stem cells?

A

They are undifferentiated cells.

20
Q

What are the 2 types of stem cells found in animals?

A

Embryonic and Adult stem cells.

21
Q

Describe stem cells in plants

A

They are found in meristems.
They have thin walls, small vacuoles and no chloroplasts.

22
Q

Describe embryonic stem cells.

A

They are found in embryos.
They are divided by mitosis and can differentiate into all cell types.

23
Q

Describe adult stem cells

A

They can’t divide into many cell types.
They act as a repair mechanism for the body.

24
Q

Suggest 2 reasons why some people may object to the use of embryonic stem cells.

A

They are found in embryos which could develop into a person.
There’s no guarantee of how successful the therapies will be.

25
Q

What is a benefit of using stem cells.

A

They have also been used as a model cells to study how diseases develop or for drug testing.

26
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

To transfer genetic material from the male to the ovum.

27
Q

State and explain 2 adaptations of the sperm cell.

A

Acrosome stores digestive enzymes.
Flagellum propels sperm to ovum.

28
Q

What is the function of a fat cell?

A

For insulation and protection.
To store fat.

29
Q

State an adaptation of a fat cell?

A

They have a smaller layer of cytoplasm surrounding a fat reservoir.

30
Q

What is the function of the red blood cell?

A

To transport oxygen around the body.

31
Q

State and explain 2 adaptations of the RBC.

A

No nucleus so there’s more space for haemoglobin molecules.
Full of haemoglobin so protein binds to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin which is red.

32
Q

What is the function of a ciliated cell?

A

The cilia sweeps mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed.

33
Q

What is the function of the palisade cell?

A

To carryout photosynthesis.

34
Q

State and explain 2 adaptations of palisade cell.

A

Large S.A to absorb as much sunlight as possible.
Packed with chloroplast to absorb sunlight.

35
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell?

A

Takes up water and nutrients for a plant.

36
Q

State and explain 2 adaptations of the root hair cell.

A

Large S.A to absorb water.
Long and thin to penetrate between soil particles.

37
Q

What is an egg cell?

A

A female sex cell that’s fertilised by a sperm cell to form an embryo.

38
Q

State and explain 2 adaptations of an egg cell.

A

Cytoplasm provides nutrients for the embryo.
Large cell to store all the nutrients.

39
Q

As the size of an organism increases, …

A

it’s S.A:V decreases.

40
Q

What is the formula for S.A?

A

S.A = height x length x number of faces.

Biology B1, B2 AND B3 (7 decks)

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