Cause/ Risk Factors, Symptoms and Complications Flashcards
Identify causes/risk factors, symptoms and complications of type 1 and 2 diabetes
Which type of symptom is NOT commonly associated with Type 1 diabetes?
A) Polyuria
B) Weight gain
C) Polydipsia
D) Hyperglycemia
B) Weight gain, weight gain is common in type 2 diabetes
True or False: A family history of diabetes is a risk factor for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes
True
True or False: Polydipsia is the medical term for increased hunger
False - it is the medical term for increased thirst
The medical term for increased hunger:
polyphagia
The medical term for high serum glucose:
hyperglycemia
The medical term for frequent urination:
Polyuria
The medical term for increased thirst:
polydipsia
What is the most modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes?
A) Sugar intake
B) Ethnic background
C) Age
D) Obesity
D) Obesity
In untreated Type 1 diabetes, why does the body break down muscle tissue and fat stores for energy instead of utilizing the abundant glucose in the bloodstream?
A) Because insulin, required for glucose uptake into cells, is absent
B) Because high blood glucose leads to increased energy storage in fat cells
C) Because glucagon promotes the use of glucose in cells
D) Because glucose is converted into fat directly in the bloodstream
A) Because insulin, required for glucose uptake into cells, is absent
Why is polyuria (frequent urination) a common symptom of both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
A) High blood glucose levels cause water to be drawn into the kidneys and excreted.
B) Insulin causes increased urination.
C) Diabetes medications increase urine output.
D) Glucose breaks down rapidly in the kidneys.
A) High blood glucose levels cause water to be drawn into the kidneys and excreted.
Which hormone’s absence in Type 1 diabetes causes the body to turn to fat stores for energy, leading to weight loss?
A) Glucagon
B) Insulin
C) Cortisol
D) Epinephrine
B) Insulin
True or False: Type 2 diabetes is more commonly associated with obesity and insulin resistance than Type 1 diabetes.
True
In Type 2 diabetes, why do blood glucose levels remain elevated despite normal or even increased levels of insulin in the bloodstream?
A) Insulin is rapidly broken down, reducing its effectiveness after meals.
B) The pancreas completely stops insulin production, resulting in glucose buildup.
C) Cells fail to respond to insulin due to receptor resistance, preventing glucose uptake.
D) High glucagon levels directly block insulin’s glucose-lowering actions on cells.
C) Cells fail to respond to insulin due to receptor resistance, preventing glucose uptake.
True or False: Excess abdominal fat in individuals with Type 2 diabetes contributes to insulin resistance.
True
Which of these is a common early sign of Type 1 diabetes but less common in Type 2?
A) Weight gain
B) Weight loss
C) Increased insulin production
D) Frequent infections
B) Weight loss
True or False: Polyphagia, or increased hunger, in Type 1 diabetes occurs because cells are starved of glucose despite high blood glucose levels.
True
In Type 1 diabetes, if blood glucose is not controlled, which of the following can occur due to a lack of insulin?
A) Decreased hunger
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Increased muscle growth
D) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
D) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Patients with Type 1 Diabetes typically experience which of the following?
A) Reduce B12 intake
B) Electrolyte imbalance
C) Increased fat storage
D) Iron deficiency
B) Electrolyte imbalance
In Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood (LADA), what characteristic distinguishes it from classic Type 1 diabetes and highlights its similarities with Type 2 diabetes?
A) It involves the presence of autoantibodies associated with pancreatic β-cell destruction and rapid β-cell loss.
B) LADA patients do not require insulin immediately after diagnosis, relying initially on nutrition therapy and oral glucose-lowering medications.
C) LADA lacks any autoimmune markers and typically requires immediate insulin therapy at diagnosis.
D) It is defined solely by a genetic predisposition with HLA-DR/DQ alleles that are neither predisposing nor protective.
B) LADA patients do not require insulin immediately after diagnosis, relying initially on nutrition therapy and oral glucose-lowering medications.
Which of the following accurately describes the initial response of the pancreas in the early stages of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)?
A) Decreased insulin secretion leading to hyperglycemia
B) Compensatory increase in insulin secretion to maintain normal glucose levels
C) Increased α-cell glucagon secretion to offset insulin resistance
D) C-peptide reduction due to low insulin production
B) Compensatory increase in insulin secretion to maintain normal glucose levels
Why do individuals with T2DM experience elevated fasting blood glucose levels as the disease progresses?
A) Insulin secretion increases, resulting in α-cell glucagon suppression
B) Insulin sensitivity improves, reducing hepatic glucose production
C) Decreased insulin secretion fails to suppress hepatic glucose production, raising fasting glucose
D) Increased lipolysis decreases insulin resistance and stabilizes glucose levels
C) Decreased insulin secretion fails to suppress hepatic glucose production, raising fasting glucose
In T2DM, which mechanism leads to an increase in circulating free fatty acids, further worsening insulin resistance?
A) Reduced lipolysis in adipose tissue due to insulin sensitivity
B) Insulin resistance in adipocytes leading to increased lipolysis
C) Suppression of hepatic glucose production by free fatty acids
D) Elevated glucagon secretion, which prevents fatty acid release
B) Insulin resistance in adipocytes leading to increased lipolysis
True or False: A patient with type 2 diabetes always requires insulin
False
Which of the following scenarios would most likely require a patient with Type 2 diabetes to start insulin therapy?
A) The patient has achieved target blood glucose levels using oral medications.
B) The patient experiences mild stress during routine daily activities.
C) The patient shows a progressive decline in β-cell function, leading to poor glycemic control with oral medications alone.
D) The patient has normal blood glucose levels during illness or surgery.
C) The patient shows a progressive decline in β-cell function, leading to poor glycemic control with oral medications alone.
