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Parasitology II > Cattle & Sheep Protozoa > Flashcards

Cattle & Sheep Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

Which groups are in phylum Sarcomastigophora?

A

Sarcodina & Mastigophora

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2
Q

Which groups are in phylum Apicomplexa?

A

Coccidia, Piroplasmidia, & Haemosporidia

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3
Q

What are important characteristics of Sarcodina?

A
  • amoeboid movement (pseudopodia)
  • direct lifecycles
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4
Q

What are important characteristics of Mastigophora?
Who belongs to this group?

A
  • one or more flagella
  • direct or indirect lifecycles
  • Giardia & Tritrichomonas
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5
Q

What are important characteristics of Phylum Ciliophora?

A

locomotion by cilia

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6
Q

What are important characteristics of Coccidia?
Who belongs to this group?

A
  • obligate intracellular
  • sexual & asexual reproduction
  • environmental resistant oocysts/sporocysts
  • direct/indirect lifecycles
  • Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis
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7
Q

What are important characteristics of Piroplasmidia?

A
  • parasites of blood cells
  • sexual reproduction occurs in vectors (TICKS)
  • indirect lifecycles
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8
Q

What are important characteristics of Haemosporidia?

A
  • parasites of blood cells
  • sexual reproduction occurs in vectors (BLOOD SUCKING DIPTERANS)
  • indirect lifecycles
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9
Q

Which coccidian’s are intestinal?

A

Eimeria & Cryptosporidium

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10
Q

Which coccidian’s form tissue cysts?

A

Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis

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11
Q

What are the hosts of Giardia duodenalis (A)?

A

HUMANS, other primates, dogs, cats, LIVESTOCK, rodents, wild mammals

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12
Q

What are the hosts of Giardia duodenalis (E) and what is it alternately known as?

A
  • CATTLE & other hooved livestock
  • aka G. bovis
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13
Q

Where do Tritrichomonas foetus live?

A

in genital mucosa

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14
Q

How are Tritrichomonas foetus transmitted?

A

sexually
- naturally, but also survives AI

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15
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus in Bulls?

A
  • asymptomatic carriers (primary source in herd)
  • infected for life - crypts of the prepuce (deeper in older bulls)
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16
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus in infected cows?

A
  • return to estrus after early embryonic death
  • pyometra, decrease in pregnancy rates
  • most clear infection & cycle again, a few remain carriers
  • re-infection is possible
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17
Q

How to control Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?

A
  • no effective treatment or vaccine
  • test & cull bulls
  • suspected or confirmed cases: notify the Office of the Chief Provincial Veterinarian (OCPV) w/in 24hr - AB & BC
  • Cows: do not breed for at least 3 months (or cull carriers?)
  • use only young bulls (<4yo) on pastures, or AI from clean bulls
  • annually notifiable by lab to CFIA
  • quarantine new animals to herd
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18
Q

Describe Eimeria’s overarching lifecycle?

A
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19
Q

Describe Eimeria’s Lifecycle within the host

A
  1. Oocyst is released into gut lumen
  2. Sporozoites released from oocyst in intestine (penetrate epithelial cells, contained w/in PARASITOPHOROUS VACUOLE, in the cytoplasm)
  3. Sporozoites divide: unique form of multiple fission - Merogony
  4. Host cell ruptures releasing merozoites which infect new host cells (process repeats 2-5x - sp specific)
  5. Gamete-like stages form
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20
Q

What is the prepatent period of Eimeria spp?

A

2-3 weeks

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21
Q

What does Acute Bovine Coccidiosis in dairy calves look like?

A
  • obvious
  • young animals (2-6 months), anytime (summer more common for younger)
  • infected from dams, triggered by stress
  • high morbidity, low mortality
  • ABDOMINAL PAIN, D+, DYSTENTERY (blood, mucus, fibrin), TENESMUS, DEHYDRATION, WEAKNESS, INAPPETENCE
    -“Winter coccidiosis”
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22
Q

What does Chronic Bovine Coccidiosis in dairy calves look like?

A
  • diagnostic challenge
  • chronic D+, sub-clinical production impacts (reduced growth rates, delayed puberty/fertility)
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23
Q

What does Bovine Nervous Coccidiosis in dairy calves look like?

A
  • muscle tremors, hyperesthesia, convulsions w/ ventroflexion of head & neck, nystagmus, high mortality (80-90%). not replicated experimentally, serum from affected calves was neurotoxic in mice.
  • increasing in Northern USA & Canada
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24
Q

How do we diagnose Eimeria spp?

A
  • clinical signs
  • oocysts in feces (sp ID based on features of sporulated oocysts; flotation technique)
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25
Q

Who are the hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum?

A

calves < 3 months, livestock, people

26
Q

Who are the hosts of Cryptosporidium andersoni (abomasum)?

A

adult cattle

27
Q

Who are the hosts of Cryptosporidium ubiquitum?

A

Ruminants

28
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. bovicanis (S. cruzi)?

A

cattle & dog

29
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. ovicanis (S. tenella)?

A

sheep & dog

30
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. miescheriana?

A

pig & dog

31
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. bovifelis (S. hirsute)?

A

cattle & cat

32
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. ovifelis?

A

sheep & cat

33
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. porcifelis?

A

pig & cat

34
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. hominis?

A

cattle & human

35
Q

What is the IH & DH of S. suihominis?

A

pig & human

36
Q

How to diagnose Sarcocystis?

A
  • post-mortem (incidental finding)
  • abortus: histology & immunohistochemistry, PCR
37
Q

How to control Sarcocystis?

A
  • prevent dog from eating abortuses, dead stock, or raw meat
  • keep feed away from wild & domestic canids & felids
  • no treatment
  • no need to cull aborting cows
38
Q

Outcome of Neospora infection in cattle in early pregnancy?

A

fetal death & resorption

39
Q

Outcome of Neospora infection in cattle mid pregnancy?

A
  • abortion (typical)
  • infected, neurological calf (underweight, unable to stand, flexed or hyper-extended limbs, lack of coordination, & decreased reflexes & sensory perception)
40
Q

Outcome of Neospora infection in cattle in late pregnancy?

A
  • infected, but clinically normal - may infect their own offspring
  • uninfected calf (rare)
41
Q

What other outcomes are there of Neospora infections in infected cows?

A

MAY HAVE PROBLEMS WITH SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCIES
- Endemic abortion (endogenous): recrudescence of chronic infection
- Epidemic abortion (exogenous): acute infection following ingestion of sporulated oocyts - ABORTION STORMS

42
Q

How do we diagnose Neospora in cattle?

A
  • clinical & epidemiological (endemic or epidemic abortions)
  • serology: ELISA titres in aborting vs non-aborting cows
  • abortus: CNS/muscle histology & immunohistochemistry, PCR
43
Q

How do we control Neospora in cattle?

A
  • prevent dogs from eating abortuses, dead cattle, raw meat
  • keep cattle feed & water away from wild canids & dogs
  • do not breed seropositive cattle (cull)
44
Q

What are the subclasses of G. duodenalis, Assemblage A?

A

A-I: humans & animals
A-II: humans
A-III & A-IV: exclusively in animals
Not all giardia spp are zoonotic!!

45
Q

Who is Tritrichomonas foetus?

A
  • Flagellates
  • no free living or cyst stage (direct transmission)
  • cattle & cat strains differ genetically
46
Q

What is the most common cause of human cryptosporidiosis?

A

ingestion of contaminated food & water

47
Q

What is the lifecycle of sarcocystis?

A
  • Sexual reproduction (gametogony) in small intestine of DH, w/ sporogony (forming sporocysts w/ sporozoites)
  • asexual reproduction (merogony) in vascular endothelium in IH, enter striated muscle/nervous tissue
48
Q

How do you interrupt the lifecycle of Sarcocystis?

A
49
Q

What is Acute Sarcocystis?

A

Dalmeny disease, S. cruzi = bovicanis
- caused by merogony in vascular endothelium
- fever, emaciation, anemia, ABORTION, rarely CNS signs (sheep too)
- high morbidity & mortality

50
Q

What is chronic Sarcocystis?

A

Eosinophilic myositis
- post-mortem diagnosis, incidental finding
- greenish focal stripes in skeletal muscle
- breakdown of sarcocysts inducing immune response

51
Q

What is Neospora caninum?

A

MOST IMPORTANT CAUSE OF BOVINE ABORTION IN CANADIAN CATTLE

52
Q

Neospora caninum indirect life cycle?

A
53
Q

Lifecycle of Toxoplasma gondii (direct or indirect)?

A
54
Q

How do we control Toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • regional variation in seroprevalence in sheep (20-100%)
  • prevent access of cats to sheep feed
  • vaccines have been developed but not in widespread commercial use (live attenuated strain passaged repeatedly in mice that does not cause tissue cysts administered to sheep to prevent abortion)
  • to prevent zoonotic transmission: thoroughly wash hands after handling aborted or stillborn fetuses; cook lamb & mutton to 70 degrees C or freeze at -20 degrees C for at least 3 days
55
Q

How do we diagnosis Giardia?

A
  • Daily fecal samples for 3 days
  • zinc sulphate floatation, direct saline smear (trophozoites are fragile)
  • coproantigen/PCR
56
Q

How do we diagnose Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?

A
  • decreased pregnancy rates
  • increased open cows in newly infected herds
  • cows: parasite or DNA on cervical mucous, uterine fluids from aborting cows
  • abortus: stomach fluid
  • bulls (most reliable, herd level): preputial scrapings (or washes), repeated sampling (3 tests @ weekly intervals)
  • direct observation, culture, or PCR (higher sensitivity than culture alone, higher specificity: differentiates from other trichomonads, rumen contaminants, & free-living organisms)
57
Q

How do we diagnose Cryptosporidium?

A
  • detection of oocysts in feces
  • multiple fecal samples over 2-3 day intervals (centrifugal floatation: Sheather’s Sugar solution, fecal smears: acid-fast stain, immunofluorescent staining - cyst antigen - test of choice from diagnostic lab, oocysts are small: 4-8 um, species identification requires molecular analysis)
58
Q

How do we diagnose Toxoplasma?

A
  • indirect methods: serology, IgG (chronic), & IgM (acute)
  • direct: gross pathology: macroscopic necrosis in cotyledons, histology: multifocal necrosis on placentomes & fetal organs, microscopy: tachyzoites in brain & placenta, isolation from blood or body fluids, histology/immunohistochemistry, PCR
59
Q

What is the animal and public health significance of Giardia?

A
  • prevalence in cattle is high, mostly in dairy
  • worldwide distribution, mainly young
  • impact: clinical disease is uncommon, can cause acute, intermittent, or chronic diarrhea; reduced gain, feed efficiency, carcass weight can happen; may be influenced by concomitant infections (coccidia, nematodes)
60
Q

What is the animal and public health significance of Cryptosporidium?

A
  • usually affects young animals (C. parvum - calves as early as 2 days of age; C. angersoni - post-weaned calves, adults)
  • acquired through ingestion of contaminated feed, water, & by grooming
  • auto infection is possible, can be serious in immunocompromised individuals
  • important cause of neonatal diarrhea (almost 100% prevalence, millions of oocysts/ gram of feces)
  • low infectious dose (1 oocyst)
61
Q

Clinical Presentation of Toxoplasma gondii?

A
  • relevant in sheep & goats
  • abortion storms in naive animals

Parasitology II (9 decks)

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