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Parasitology II > Cattle & Sheep Ectoparasites > Flashcards

Cattle & Sheep Ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the prevalence of Chorioptes?

A

common in Canada

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2
Q

Difference between surface & burrowing mites?

A
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3
Q

What is the seasonality of chorioptes?

A

winter

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4
Q

What disease is caused by Chorioptes?

A

SEVERE LOCALIZED PRURITUS
- tail head, escutcheon, coronary bands
- alopecia, oozing, crusting, +/- ulcers

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5
Q

What animals do Chorioptes transmit between?

A

cattle, sheep, & horses

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6
Q

How do you treat for Chorioptes?

A
  • treat all in contact hosts
  • topical or pour on
  • resistance to organophosphates
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7
Q

What is the prevalence of psoroptes?

A

very rare in Canada

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8
Q

What is the seasonality of psoroptes?

A

winter

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9
Q

What kind of disease does psoroptes cause?

A

SEVERE GENERALIZED PURITUS (SHEEP SCAB)
- papules & pustules, erythema, alopecia, oozing, crusting, thickening
- can be fatal (self trauma)

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10
Q

Does Psoroptes transmit between species?

A

No. Host specific strains

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11
Q

How do you treat psoroptes?

A
  • treat all in contact conspecifics
  • systemic
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12
Q

How prevalent is sarcoptes?

A

rare in Canada

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13
Q

what kind of disease does sarcoptes cause?

A

SEVERE PRURITUS, HAIR LOSS, THICK SKIN

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14
Q

How is sarcoptes transmitted?

A
  • cattle to cattle
  • HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
  • fomites may play a role
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15
Q

How do you treat sarcoptes?

A
  • need multiple deep skin scrapings & treat the whole herd
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16
Q

What is the prevalence of Demodex?

A
  • part of skin flora
  • demodectic mange not common
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17
Q

What kind of disease does demodex cause?

A
  • not contagious
  • happens if there is immunological/ underlying problem
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18
Q

What are the hosts of demodex?

A

cattle

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19
Q

How do you treat for demodex?

A

only the affected animals!

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20
Q

How do we diagnose mange in cattle & sheep?

A
  • history, SEASON, & clinical appearance (degree & extent of pruritis)
  • SURFACE MITES: KOH digest of superficial skin scraping, crusts; serology in sheep & cattle (for Psoroptes)
  • BURROWING MITES: deep skin scraping
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21
Q

How do we treat & control mange in cattle & sheep?

A
  • ELDU macrocyclic lactones in fall (pour-ons for Chorioptes, parenteral for Psoroptes, Sarcoptes, & Demodex)
  • fomites & chutes should be steam cleaned & treated w/ acaricide
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22
Q

Who do you treat for mange in cattle & sheep?

A
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23
Q

What bacterial species cause anaplasmosis?

A
  • Anaplasma marginale (bovine anaplasmosis)
  • Anaplasma bovis (monocytic anaplasmosis)
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24
Q

What are the reservoirs of anaplasmosis?

A
  • persistently infected cattle & bison
  • ticks
  • deer & elk
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25
Q

What are the vectors of anaplasmosis?

A
  1. ticks (biological): Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor veriabilis, Dermacentor albipictus?
  2. biting flies (mechanical): tabanids, stable flies
  3. fomites (iatrogenic)
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26
Q

what are the clinical signs of anaplasmosis?

A
  • none
  • weight loss
  • hemolysis
  • jaundice
  • splenomegaly
  • abortion
  • lethargy
  • death (especially adult cows)
  • (mortality rate >30%)
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27
Q

How do you diagnose anaplasmosis?

A
  • location, season, signalment, clinical signs, necropsy
  • blood smears (active infections)
  • ELISA SEROLOGY (CARRIERS): outbreak in bison in 2000 in SK, 35 positive of 730 cattle tested by PDS, outbreaks in cattle in SK, MB, ON
  • CFIA: IMMEDIATELY NOTIFIABLE DISEASE
  • PROVINCIALLY REPORTABLE TO CVO BC, AB, SK, MB
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28
Q

How do you manage anaplasmosis?

A
  • tick & biting fly & iatrogenic prevention
  • NO APPROVED VACCINES OR TREATMENTS
  • live & killed vaccines tried elsewhere (prevent clinical disease, but not infection; complicated by multiple strains/genotypes)
  • NO ANTIMICROBIALS WILL CLEAR CARRIER ANIMALS
  • antimicrobials may reduce disease (chlortetracycline (feed additive) or oxytetracycline (injectable))
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29
Q

What are the 3 types of flies (Diptera) of cattle & sheep?

A
  1. biting/feeding flies
  2. bot flies (OBLIGATE myiasis flies)
  3. keds & myiasis flies
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30
Q

What are the characteristics of a biting/feeding fly & some examples?

A
  • feed on secretions or blood
  • larval development in aquatic environments
  • Simulium spp. (black flies), Haematobia irritans (horn fly), Musca autumnalis (face fly)
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31
Q

What are the characteristics of a bot fly & some examples?

A
  • invasion of living tissue as part of life cycle
  • Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum (warbles, cattle grubs)
  • Oestrus ovis (sheep nasal bot)
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32
Q

What are the characteristics of a ked &/or myiasis fly?

A
  • open wounds - flies lay eggs
  • v important in sheep
33
Q

Which biting/feeding flies are blood-feeding?

A
  • Simulium spp (black fly): important for transmission of Onchocerca
  • Haematobia irritans (horn fly): major pest of cattle, cluster on back & sides
34
Q

Which biting/feeding flies are secretion-feeding?

A
  • Musca autumnalis (face fly): important for transmission of MORAXELLA (PINK EYE)
35
Q

What is the common name for Dermacentor variabilis?

A

American dog tick

36
Q

How many hosts does Dermacentor variabilis have?

A

3 host tick

37
Q

What is the distribution for Dermacentor variabilis?

A

SK & east

38
Q

What is the relevance of Dermacentor variabilis?

A
  • adults on cattle in May-June, TRANSMITS ANAPLASMA MARGINALE among cattle
39
Q

What is the common name for Dermacentor andersoni?

A

Rocky Mountain Wood Tick

40
Q

How many hosts does Dermacentor andersoni have?

A

3 host tick

41
Q

What is the distribution for Dermacentor andersoni?

A

West (mainly BC)

42
Q

What is the relevance of Dermacentor andersoni?

A
  • adults on cattle in spring
  • TRANSMITS ANAPLASMA MARGINALE
  • toxin from females - TICK PARALYSIS
43
Q

What is the common name for Dermacentor albipictus?

A

Winter tick

44
Q

How many hosts does Dermacentor albipictus have?

A

1 host tick

45
Q

What is the distribution of Dermacentor albipictus?

A

anywhere you have cervids

46
Q

What is the relevance of Dermacentor albipictus?

A
  • adults, nymphs, & larvae on cattle
  • MAY TRANSMIT ANAPLASMA MARGINALE
47
Q

What is the common name for Otobius megnini?

A

Spinose ear tick

48
Q

What is special about Otobius megnini?

A

it is a SOFT TICK

49
Q

How many hosts does Otobius megnini have ?

A

1 host

50
Q

What is the distribution of Otobius megnini?

A

BC

51
Q

What is the relevance of Otobius megnini?

A
  • not associated w/ paralysis or pathogen transmission
  • ONLY LARVAE & NYMPHS ARE PARASITIC (adults are free-living)
52
Q

What are the invasive species of ticks we care about?

A
  1. Haemaphysalis longicornis (Asian long horned tick): initially in Virginia, now in multiple US states, may transmit many diseases, females can reproduce w/o a male
  2. Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) - South US & now Canada, red meat allergy
53
Q

Who are Simulium spp. (black flies)?

A

Biting/feeding flies & blood-feeding
- transmission of Onchocerca
- develop in flowing water
- salivary toxin - vascular damage

54
Q

Who are Haematobia irritans (horn flies)?

A

Biting/feeding flies & blood-feeding
- major pests in cattle, cluster on back & sides
- develop in fresh cattle feces
- transmission of Stephanofilaria (skin lesions in cattle)

55
Q

Who are Musca autumnalis (face flies)?

A

Biting/feeding fly & secretion-feeding
- transmission of Moraxella (pink eye) & Thelazia
- develop in fresh cattle feces
- ADULTS HAVE NON-PIERCING MOUTHPARTS, MOPS UP SECRETIONS W/ LABELLA

56
Q

Who are Hypoderma spp (cattle warbles)?

A

Bot fly (obligate myiasis)
- bumble-bee like adults in summer
- adults dont feed - no mouth parts
- lay eggs on hair, hatches L1 which burrows into skin & MIGRATES DURING THE WINTER
-> H. bovis: fat around spinal camal
-> H. lineatum: esophagus submucosa
-> PROBLEM if killed during winter! (fall ideal)

57
Q

Who are Oestrus ovis (nasal bots of sheep)?

A

Bot fly (obligate myiasis)
- Adults don’t feed, larvae migrate in nose

58
Q

Who are Melophagus ovinus?

A

Sheep ked
- wingless (confused with louse) -it’s a fly

59
Q

Who are the fly strike flies?

A

Myiasis flies
- multiple spp - primary or secondary
- facultative myasis, worst season is summer

60
Q

What is the basic lifecycle of mites?

A
61
Q

What is the lifecycle of Dermacentor albipictus?

A
62
Q

What is the lifecycle of lice?

A

lifecycle is entirely on host - off host survival is limited. highly host specific!

63
Q

What is the Simulium spp. (blackfly) life cycle?

A
64
Q

What is the life cycle of Haematobia irritans (Horn fly) & Musca autumnalis (Face fly)

A
65
Q

What is the life cycle of Cattle Warbles (Hypoderma spp.)?

A
66
Q

What is the lifecycle of Hypoderma bovis?

A
67
Q

What is the lifecycle of Hypoderma lineatum?

A
68
Q

What is the lifecycle of Oestrus ovis?

A
69
Q

What is the lifecycle of Melophagus ovinus?

A
70
Q

How do we diagnose lice in Cattle & Sheep?

A
  • hx & clinical appearance
  • often asymptomatic (carriers)
  • hair loss, irritation, pruritis, dandruff, anemia
  • nits on base of hair, recovery, & ID of adult lice
71
Q

How do we treat lice in Cattle & Sheep?

A

pour-on macrocyclic lactones (ML)
- many reports of lack of efficacy emerging in W. Canada
- BETTER FOR SUCKING vs chewing lice
- pyrethroid pour-on (adults) / insect growth regulators (inhibit egg hatching)

72
Q

Diagnosis & control of Hypoderma bovis & lineatum?

A
  • diagnosis: detection of L3 on dorsum or at necropsy
  • prior to hide damage: serology during winter
  • targeted systematic treatment (whole herd) IN FALL (before L1 have set up in the spinal cord or esophagus) with ML
  • if must treat in winter, low dose of ivermectin SLOW KILLS L1 when in spinal cord or esophagus (risk for resistance)
  • legislated control programs & effective treatments have reduced the occurrences of Hypoderma spp. in western Canada & elsewhere in the world
  • if vigilance is relaxed or less efficient products are used, these parasites would once again become an issue
73
Q

Which pathogens are transmitted by Simulium spp.?

A
  • vectors for several important pathogens (Onchocerca spp)
74
Q

Which pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes?

A

IH for peritoneal nematode Setaria

75
Q

Which pathogens are transmitted by Haematobia irritans?

A

IH for nematode Stephanofilaria (skin lesions in cattle)

76
Q

Which pathogens are transmitted by Musca autumnalis?

A

IH for eye nematode Thelazia & mechanical vector of bacterium Moraxella bovis (pink eye)

77
Q

Which pathogens are transmitted by midges?

A

bluetongue, epizootic hemorrhagic disease (viruses)

78
Q

What does obligate myiasis mean?

A

Hosts for larval development must be LIVE
(maggots & bots)

79
Q

What does facultative myiasis mean?

A

hosts for larval development can be LIVE or DEAD & larvae can also develop in organic matter

Parasitology II (9 decks)

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