case study+final

Question 1

reproductive cloning

Answer 1

cloning aimed at the live birth of an individual
medical view :
Reproductive cloning may have adverse effects
including posing harms to future generations
example :
An increase in abortions and miscarriages.
Deformed embryos and clones

Question 1

therapeautic cloning

Answer 1

cloning done for purposes other than productive of live individual
example :
Dolly the sheep
the resulting “cloned” cells remain in a dish in the lab; they are not implanted into a female’s uterus
medical ethic view :
some individuals and groups have an objection to therapeutic cloning, because it is considered the manufacture and destruction of a human life

Question 2

active euthanasia

Answer 2

performing and action to directly causes someone to die called mercy killing
example :
injecting a patient with a lethal dose of a drug when someone has A persistent vegetative state
medical ethic view

Question 3

passive euthanasia

Answer 3

allowing someone to die by not doing something would prolong life
view :
widely accepted as both ethical and legal
example :
not doing surgery

Question 4

physician-assisted sucide

Answer 4

a patient is taking her or his own life with the aid of patient

Question 5

slipper slope with fallacy and non-fallacious concerns

Answer 5

slipper slope fallacy : An argument that rests on an unsupported warning that is controversial to the effect that something will progress by degrees to an undesirable outcome

Question 6

double blind

Answer 6

when both subjects and researches are unaware of what treatment the subject get
let’s imagine that researchers are investigating the effects of a new drug=placebo

Question 7

single blind

Answer 7

only the subject is unaware
example :
the researchers know which yogurt containers are low-fat and which are high-fat, but participants are not told. This is an example of a single-blind study because the researchers know which participants are in the low- and high-fat groups but the participants do not know or yougurt testing

Question 8

bias

Answer 8

a negative attitude toward a group of people that operate unconsciously or unintentionally
example :
Non-white patients receive fewer cardiovascular interventions and fewer renal transplants. Black women are more likely to die after being diagnosed with breast cancer.

Question 9

informed consent

Answer 9

the action of autonomous informed person agreeing to submit to medical treatment or experimentation
الإجراء الذي يتخذه شخص مطلع ومستقل يوافق على الخضوع للعلاج الطبي أو التجربة

Question 10

how do we get control group

Answer 10

you first identify key characteristics (like age, gender, health status) that are relevant to your study

Question 11

is legalized or normalized euthanasia a slippery slope

Answer 11

Euthanasia used to be normalized

Question 12

depression and euthanasia

Answer 12

Opponents argue that depression can impair judgment and that many patients might improve with appropriate treatment. They also raise concerns about the potential for societal pressure on individuals to choose death over life due to mental health struggles
يجادل المعارضون بأن الاكتئاب يمكن أن يضعف القدرة على الحكم وأن العديد من المرضى قد يتحسنون مع العلاج المناسب. كما أنها تثير مخاوف بشأن احتمال الضغط المجتمعي على الأفراد لاختيار الموت على الحياة بسبب صراعات الصحة العقلية
Proponents, however, argue that chronic, treatment-resistant depression can cause suffering comparable to physical illnesses and that denying these patients the right to end their suffering is inhumane. They emphasize the importance of rigorous psychiatric evaluations to ensure that patients are making informed and voluntary decisions
ومع ذلك، يرى المؤيدون أن الاكتئاب المزمن المقاوم للعلاج يمكن أن يسبب معاناة مماثلة للأمراض الجسدية وأن حرمان هؤلاء المرضى من الحق في إنهاء معاناتهم أمر غير إنساني. ويؤكدون على أهمية التقييمات النفسية الصارمة للتأكد من أن المرضى يتخذون قرارات مستنيرة وطوعية
Globally, the approach to euthanasia and PAS for patients with depression is cautious and evolving. While a few countries have begun to recognize severe, treatment-resistant mental

Question 13

personhood(distinction from life)
judith jarvis thompson’s violin-player thought exiperiment what is she trying to say?

Answer 13

One of the reasons Judith Jarvis Thomson’s “A Defense of Abortion” is so important is because she grants the controversial pro-life claim that the fetus is a person from the moment of conception. She grants this for the sake of argument

Question 14

when does personhood begin and end

Answer 14

1-begins at conception
This view is supported by certain philosophical and religious perspectives that consider the zygote to be a human individual with moral status from the moment of fertilization
1- Others propose that personhood begins later in fetal development, pointing to the emergence of consciousness or the capacity for conscious experience as critical
This capacity is thought to emerge between 20 and 32 weeks of gestation
2-end-of-life care, brain death, and advanced dementia. Traditional criteria for determining death, such as the cessation of cardiopulmonary function
2-may lack the consciousness or self-awareness often associated with personhood

Question 15

voluntary and involuntary euthanasia

Answer 15

involutary : bringing about someone’s death against her will or without asking for her consent although she is competent to decide
voluntary : euthanasia performed when patient are not competent to choose it for themselves

Question 16

describe the following three court decision :
Roe v wade (1973)
casey (1992)
dobbs(20220

Answer 16

1-The central argument in Roe v. Wade was that the right to privacy implied in the 14th Amendment protected abortion as a fundamental right, allowing the government to regulate or restrict abortion access based on the stage of pregnancy.
2-In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court upheld elements of a Pennsylvania law but declined to overrule Roe v. Wade. It replaced Roe’s trimester-by-trimester framework with a weaker level of protection, emphasizing the importance of stare decisis and Americans’ reliance on reproductive rights.
3-Following the Dobbs decision, abortion rights are now determined on a state-by-state basis. Some states have constitutional amendments protecting abortion rights, while others propose amendments stating that nothing in the constitution protects abortion rights. This has led to legal uncertainty and questions about states’ power to restrict abortion.

Question 17

the state of current abortion in us

Answer 17

the state of abortion in the United States is marked by significant legal and political fragmentation. The overturning of Roe v. Wade has led to a diverse array of state-level abortion laws, with ongoing legal battles and federal legislative efforts reflecting the contentious nature of abortion policy in the country

Question 18

the role of autonomyand paternalism in argument about abortion and euthanasia

Answer 18

Autonomy refers to the principle that individuals have the right to make decisions about their own lives and bodies without external interference. This principle is a cornerstone of liberal ethics and is particularly emphasized in discussions about medical ethics.
Abortion: The argument for abortion based on autonomy asserts that a woman has the right to decide whether to continue or terminate a pregnancy. This perspective views the right to bodily autonomy as fundamental, suggesting that just as one cannot be compelled to donate an organ to save another’s life, a woman should not be compelled to continue a pregnancy against her will
.
Euthanasia: In the context of euthanasia, autonomy is used to argue that individuals should have the right to choose the timing and manner of their death, especially in cases of terminal illness where pain and suffering are significant. Proponents argue that individuals should be able to control their death much like they make other personal life decisions, emphasizing respect for personal choice over life’s end
.
Paternalism in Abortion and Euthanasia
Paternalism involves restricting individual autonomy under the premise that it is for the individual’s own good or for the protection of others. In medical ethics, paternalism can be seen as a conflict between healthcare providers’ duties to benefit the patient and respect for patient autonomy.
Abortion: Paternalistic arguments against abortion often suggest that abortion harms women, either psychologically or socially, and therefore should be restricted for their own good. These arguments can take various forms, such as claiming that women are not fully aware of the emotional consequences of abortion or that society has a duty to protect potential life
.
Euthanasia: Paternalistic approaches in euthanasia might argue that patients might not be in a suitable mental state to make such a grave decision as ending their own life. It might also suggest that allowing euthanasia could lead to societal harm by devaluing life, particularly the lives of the disabled or chronically ill, potentially leading to pressure on these individuals to end their lives prematurely

Question 19

teh role of privacy in questions about abortion

Answer 19

1-Autonomy, a fundamental principle in medical ethics, emphasizes the patient’s right to make informed decisions about their own health care without coercion. In the context of abortion, respecting a patient’s autonomy means ensuring that they have the freedom to make decisions based on comprehensive, unbiased information provided in a confidential setting. Privacy is essential here as it protects the patient’s personal health information, allowing them to make decisions without fear of stigma, discrimination, or coercion
2-The intersection of legal and ethical considerations also highlights the importance of privacy. Laws such as HIPAA in the United States protect patient health information and underscore the ethical obligation to maintain confidentiality. This legal framework supports the ethical principles by ensuring that healthcare providers respect and protect patient privacy

Question 20

eugenics

u janikseu gen ics

Answer 20

the deliberate attempt to improve the gentic make up of human by manipulating reproduction
or
aimed to improve the genetic quality of human populations through selective breeding and other interventions

example :
abortions, sterilization, and other methods of family planning

Question 21

structural and institutional racism

Question 22

main technology of reproductive technology and their ethical implication

Answer 22

Inequitable access to ART due to its high cost
, lack of regulatory body,
safety of the procedure, and fate of the embryos were the main themes identified from the papers. Surrogacy
, sex selection,
and gamete donation were additional relevant ethical issues.

Question 23

ethical issue around genetic selection

Answer 23

The ability of the participants to give informed consent,
(2) the need to keep the participants’ data anonymous, and
(3) potential undue stress or harm

Question 24

ethical issue around cloning

Answer 24

1-Many argue that human cloning might lead to commodification of human life, where individuals are cloned for specific traits or as means to an end, such as organ harvesting or replacement of a deceased child, which raises significant ethical dilemmas
2-Reproductive cloning could lead to reduced genetic diversity, which is crucial for the survival and adaptability of species

Question 25

ethical issue around egg donation and surrogacy

Answer 25

1-One of the primary ethical concerns with egg donation is the potential for exploitation through financial incentives. High compensation for egg donors, especially those with desirable characteristics
2-Egg donors undergo invasive procedures without direct clinical benefit to themselves. The long-term effects of ovulation-enhancing drugs are not fully understood, and there are documented risks including ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and potential links to ovarian cance
3-This presents a dilemma between the beneficence towards the recipients and the non-maleficence towards the donors
These include concerns over informed consent, justice, the physical and psychological risks to donors and surrogates, and the broader social implications of these reproductive technologies