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2.2 Microbiology > Case Studies > Flashcards

Case Studies Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What organisms are currently vaccinated against in Ireland?

A

N. meningitidis (MenC and MenB)

H. influenzae type B (Hib vaccine)

Bordetella pertussis (pertussis vaccine against whooping cough)

S. pneumonia pneumococcal vaccines: PCV7, PCV13, PPV23

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2
Q

What organisms cause food poisoning?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Shigella

Salmonella

Yersinia enterocolitica

Clostridioides perfringens

Bacillus Cereus

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3
Q

Zoonotic infections:
(2)

A

Pasteurella Multocida

Salmonella (lizards)

Yersinia pestis (animals, rats, pets etc)

B. anthracis

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4
Q

Health Care Associated Infections

A

ESKAPE
- Enterococcus faecium (Vancomycin resistance)
- S. aureus (Methycillin resistance)
- Klebsiella Pneumonia (CBE)
- Acinetobacter baumanii (MDR)
- Psudomonas auriginosa (MDR)
- Enterobacter species (E.COLI) (ESBL)

Citrobacter freundii also is

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5
Q

S. aureus infections

A

Superficial skin infections:
- Folliculitis
- Furuncles
- Carbuncles

Skin infections
- Impetigo
- Cellulitis
- Mastitis

Systemic infection
- Bloodstream infections
- Endocarditis
- Pneumonia
- Osteomyelitits
- pyelonephritis

Toxin infections
- Toxic shock syndrome
- Scaled skin syndrome
- Gastroenteritis

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6
Q

S. aureus food poisoning

A

Foods:
- ready to eat foods
- salads: ham, egg, tuna, chicken, potato
- bakery products e.g. cream filled
- sandwiches
- mild and dairy products

Enterotoxin

Onset:
- 2-6 hours after ingestion
- resolved in 8 to 24 hours

Symptoms
- severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhoea triggered by toxin

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7
Q

S. epidermidis infections:

A

Device associated infection and HCAI BSI

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8
Q

S. saprophyticus infections

A

UTI in sexually active women
Opportunistic HCAI
Opportunistic infection in immunocompromised

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9
Q

Micrococcus infection:

A

Opportunistic e.g. UTI

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10
Q

N. gonorrhoeae infections:

A

STI

  • prostatitis
  • epididymitis
  • gonoccaemia
  • joint disease
  • Pelvic Inflammatory disease
  • Infertility
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • transmitted to infants - conjunctivitis
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11
Q

N. meningitidis infections:

A

BSI
Meningitis
Meningococcaemia
Invasive meningicoccal disease (acute meningitis or meningococcemia)

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12
Q

M. catarrhalis infection

A

Otitis medium
Sinusitis
Pneumonia
Bronchitis

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13
Q

H. influenzae type B infection

A

Meningitis
Epiglotis
BSI
Cellulitis
Arthritis
Osteomyelitis

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14
Q

H. influenzae non typable infections:

A

Otitis
Sinusitis
Pneumoniae

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15
Q

H. aegyptius infection

A

Conjunctivitis

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16
Q

H. parainfluenzae infection

A

Pneumoniae
Endocarditis

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17
Q

H. ducreyi infection

A

Chanchroid (lymph nodes and genital)

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18
Q

Pasteurella Multocida infection:

A

Zoonotic: dog bites and cat scratches
Swelling
Cellulitis
Chronic pulmonary disease in compromised
Systemic infection in compromised

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19
Q

Bordetella pertussis infection:

A

Whooping cough
Pneumoniae and encephalitis in convalescents

20
Q

S. pneumonia infections:

A

Acute bacterial pneumoniae
Otitis media

Invasive pneumococcal disease:
- Blood stream infection
- Meningitis
- sterile site infection

21
Q

S. viridans infections:

A

BSI through minor trauma to gums
Sub acute bacterial endocarditis in those with damaged heart valves

22
Q

Strep mutans infections:

A

Plaque formation
Tooth decay

23
Q

S. pyogenes infections:

A

Pharyngitis
Scarlet fever
Skin infections

Impetigo
Cellutis
Erysipelsia

Necrotising facitis
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Rheumatic fever
Glomerular nephritis

24
Q

S. agalactiae infection:

A

Group B strep

Prenatal onset GBS
Early-onset GBS
Late-onset GBS

Most common cause of life threatening infection in newborn babies

25
Q

Enterococci infections

A

UTI
Intra abdominal abscess
Endocarditis
BSI

26
Q

Shigella infection:

A

Food poisoning

27
Q

Shigella (sonnei) food poisoning

A

Cause:
- Shiga toxin

Food:
- Chicken, tuna and potato salad

Transmission:
- faecal to oral route
- food, faeces, fingers, flies, fomites
- very low infective dose (<200 cells)

Incubation
- 24 to 50 hours

Symptoms
- diarrhoeae (bloody)
- abdominal pain
- fever
- possible invasive infection

28
Q

Salmonella infections:

A

Food poisoning
Septicaemia (cholera suis)
Gastroenteritis (typhimurium and enteriditis)
Parathyphoid fever (parathyphi) -> enteric fever
Thyphoid fever (thyphi) -> leads to enteric fever

29
Q

Yersinia infections:

A

Bubonic plague (Y. pestis) -> flea bites or contaminated animal tissue
Food poisoning (Y. enterocolitica)

30
Q

Yersinia Enterocolitica food poisoning:

A

Sources:
- PORK, milk, poultry, shelfish, vegetables, cold foods (4 degrees +)

Incubation:
- 24 to 36 hours

Symptoms:
- Diarrhoeae (bloody in 25% of children)
- fever
- headache
- abdominal pain
- appendicitis like in children (pseudoappendicitis)
- BSI in elderly

Pathology
- invasion of iluem
- necrosis of peyers patches
- inflammation of mesenteric lymph nodes

31
Q

Proteus infection

A

UTI - second most common cause after EPEC

32
Q

Klebsiella infections:

A

Commensal but frequently an opportunistic pathogen causing BSI, HCAI UTI, VAP pneumoniae

33
Q

Enterobacter infections:

A

Opportunistic Infections
 Health Care Acquired Infection
 Antimicrobial Treatment
 Catheters
 Invasive Procedures
 Burns/ wounds
 Pneumonia
 UT

34
Q

Citrobacter infections:

A

 Inhabitant of soil and water and found in GIT
 Citrobacter freundii- main pathogen
 Healthcare-associated infection, UTI, bacteraemia

35
Q

E. Coli infection

A

Neonatal meningitis -> ExPEC
Watery diarrheae -> ETEC enterotoxigenic
Watery diarrhea of long duration -> EPEC enteropathogenic
Bloody diarrhea -> EHEC enterohaemorrhagic
Bloody diarrhea -> EIEC enteroinvasive
Persistant watery diarrhear in children and HIV -> EAEC enteroadherant

36
Q

EHEC infection
Enterohaemorrhagic E. Coli

A

Blood diarrhea
Haemorrhagic colitis
Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

37
Q

EnteroInvasive E. Coli infection:

A

Inflammatory dysentry
Bloody diarrhoea
Large intestine
Intracellular pathogen
Fever

38
Q

Enterotoxigenic E. Coli Infection:

A

Non inflammatory diarrhoea in children in developing countries

Travellers diarrhoea

39
Q

E. Coli 0157:H7 (EHEC/STEC/VTEC) infections

A

Intestinal
- asymptomatic
- watery diarrhoea
- haemorrhagic colitis

Systemic
- haemlytic uremic syndrom HUS

Causes:
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- kidney failure
- haemolytic anaemia

40
Q

Psuedomonas infections:

A

Pneumonia
Cystic fibrosis associated chest infection
Otitis media
Otitis externa
Bacterial keratitis in eye
Osteomyelitis in bones and joints
Diarrhoea
Enteritis
Enterocolitis
BSI
Endocarditis

41
Q

Bacillus infections:

A

B. cereus: food poisoning

B. thuringenesis: insecticide

B. anthracis: zoonotic

42
Q

B. cereus food poisoning

A

Foods:
- RICE, dairy products, spices, dried foods, vegetables
- Dried infant formula

Spores:
- heat resistant - food processes
- not removed by regular cleaning
- food industry equipment - dairy pipelines

Emetic or diarrhoeal - both self limiting

Diarrhoeal
- proteinaceous foods (meat, fish, milk, stews, sauces, veg)
- watery diarrhoea
- cramps
- Diarrhoeagenic necrotising enterotoxin
- 6+ hour incubation
- 12 to 24 hours duration

Emetic syndrome
- starchy foods (rice, potato, pasta, noodles, pastry products)
- vomiting
- emetic toxin - cerulide
- 0.5 hours to 6 hours incubation

43
Q

B. cereus

A
44
Q

B. anthrax

A

2-5 hour incubation

45
Q

Clostridides perfringens food poisoning

A

Improperly-handled food is contraminated with spores, which survive cooking temperature

Spores germinate with heating (anaerobiasis) and if > 10^5/g bacteria are ingested, illness may occur

Sporulation in the small intestine releases enterotoxin CPE

Diarrhoea occurs 6-18 hours later, and resolves in 1-2 days

2.2 Microbiology (60 decks)

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