Case Studies Flashcards
The Gambia (overpopulation, high dependant rate, high birth rates)
High birth rates
- very religious banned contraception
- children are seen as workers for crop growth
- education is low, doesn’t know the consequences
- children are more likely to die
Over population (consequences)
- sanitation is poor
- overcrowded, leads to diseases
- financial problems because of high dependant rates
- malnutrition is common not enough food
- desertification/deforestation, lots of wood used for housing and fires
PSI
- 95% of Gambias population is Muslim
- 5.67 babies per woman
- one of the most densely populated country in Africa
-children adopt a 2 shift system morning/night
Australia (low birth rate, underpopulation and sparsely populated)
Low birth rate
- increase in female education
- female rather work than start a family
- higher house costs
- healthcare is good education is very high
- no need for children
Sparsely populated
- low birth rates
- climate, semi desserts in the middle
- poor soil especially in the middle
- not a lot of water
- low rainfall
Consequences too underpopulation
- higher taxes
- labour shortage
- hospitals/schools close down (not enough people)
- harder to defend the country
- wasted resources
- public transport shuts down more reliance on cars
Therefore more pollution
PSI
- 1.56 babies per women
- 23 million population
- density 3km^2
- Australia is the same size as America (300 million people)
USA and Mexico (pull/push factors and Effects)
Pull factors
- well paid, variety of jobs
- better education
- better living standards
- better health care
- bright lights
Push factor
- high rates of homicides and gang/drug activity
- bad education
- bad living standards
- bad health care
- shortage of food
Effect on USA
- Drain on the US economy
- cultural racism problems
- keep wages low for Americans
- military spent on border patrol
- Dirty jobs are taken
Effects on Mexico
- low populations, towns left uninhabited
- dependants left behinds
- women left without husbands
- 6 billion dollars sent back to Mexico
PSI
- 29.5% of foreigners in the USA are Mexican
- 2000 km border
- over 17,000 homicides during the first half of 2020
Sardinia (settlement functions)
Caligari - Capital city
Main commercial and industrial centre islands
It also has the largest fishing market in Italy and the biggest container terminal
Carbonia - town
Was built to supply housing for the people working in the nearby coal mine since coal was a scarcity in Sardinia however it closed down in 1970 and the people there face high unemployment
Bosa - town
Traditionally the town was used for fishing and agriculture however there has been a rise in tourism population is increasing and now it’s voted for the most beautiful beach in Italy
Olbia - town
The main connection to Italy and Sardinia it has a port since there is deep water right along the coastline which is rare and it is also used for man other transport methods such as airports and
China (one child policy)
One child policy
- all couples can only have one child
- if you have ONE child you were entitled to free education a given job healthcare and housing
- if you have two or more children those privileges were taken away not allowed to buy a house and were forced to get an obortion or even sterilised
- free contraception
- 5-10% salary bonus
- 10% salary reduction
Positive
Better education and a skilled workforce
Low urban poverty
Average fertility rate went down
Negative
Females abandoned and murdered
Sex ration imbalanced men left with no wives
More divorces
China is still overpopulated
PSI
- 1954 the fertility rate was 5.8 and the growth rate was 2.6%
- in 1970 the one child policy started
- 336 millions abortions and 196 million sterilisation in early 1970
- now the fertility rate in 2016 is 1.77 showing how successful it is
Cairo (urban problems)
Probelms
- lack of housing, self buliding brick houses are built illegally on farmlands by the river Nile these informal houses cover over 80% of Cairo - half a million people live on the roofs of offices/flats
- Traffic congestion- travel to work/places can be very slow- between 1970 to 2000 the numbers of cars in Cairo rose from 100,000 to over a million
- the lack of parking areas results in cars having to turn back or park incorrectly on the streets prompting further traffic jams
- Moreover, there are many problems related to the construction of roads where there are few street lights, stop signs and crossroads
- Drivers also behave badly and irresponsibly added to the poor implementation of traffic laws,
- Lack of jobs- unskilled workers find it hard to find jobs- many people have to sell stuff on the street just to earn enough money
- Air/water pollution- leaking sewers, illegally dumped waste contaminating groundwater- lots of cars causing air pollution
Solutions
- Metro system- traffic/pollution
- The use of traffic lights at intersections can be a start. Managing parking spaces, introducing parking meters and building parking structures would also be very effective.
- Ring road- traffic
- People with donkey carts were licensed to collect recycle garbage- jobs for unskilled workers/pollution
- New satellite and dormitory/lack of housing
Kashmir (earthquake)
Effects
- 80,000 killed
- 3rd of October 2005
- Floods landslides
- Roads destroyed
- Polluted river, impacted water sanitation
- Charities sent blankets
- Winter, no materials, food
- still impacted 16 years later
- 3 million people homeless
- Eurasian Indian plate, collision, Kashmir was right in the middle of it, this
- teachers and schools were destroyed, children missed years of education
Mount Pinatubo
PSI
- The second-largest eruption
- The largest eruption near a densely populated area
In the Philippines on June 15 1991
- Sent volcanic ash even as far over Singapore (2400km)
- Ashfalls left 100,000 people homeless, and 300 deaths
- Between the Philippine and Eurasian plate
- Stratovolcano
Why do people still live near
- to study the volcano
- Jobs, tourism
- Scenic beauty
- Field high yield
- hot springs, beneficial for health
Hazards of living near a volcano
- Pyroclastic flow
- Ash falls blocking roads leaving 100,000 people homeless causing diseases
- Collapsing buildings and roofs
- Lava burning
- Ash bombs
Impacts
- 100,000 people left homeless
- Farmland destroyed
- Roads and bridges destroyed airport had to be closed down
- Jobs lost
Managements
- evacuation camps built for refugees
- Alert systems put for warnings
- Helicopters helped for evacuation
- More than 60,000 people were evacuated by early June 1991
- Education
Causes
- plate boundaries of Eurasian and phillipines plate
- volcano north east with a 7.8 magnitude this caused the plates beneath the volcano to shake and squeeze
- causing more pressure and magma to be built in the magma chamber
- another reason could be because the crust of the Eurasian or phillipines plate was melting beneath the volcano causing immense pressure and magma this is called a destructive plate boundary it is also moved by convection currents
-
Elbe floods (causes hazards opportunities and management)
Causes
- heavy rain
- high soil moisture
- raining in Central Europe for a week straight
- dams burst open
- nearby rivers start to overflow
- ice melting near the North Pole (Could be a reason)
Hazards
- death
- electrocuted
- diseases
- no food or water
- destroyed buildings
- drowning
Impacts
-15 billion worth of damage
- dead livestock, no food
- businesses failed
- destroyed buildings
- peaked at 7m high
- ports flooded
Opportunities
- ports in Hamburg
- used for shipping
- fertile soils
- river cruises
- hydroelectric power
Management
- dykes and sandbags, artificial levees
- sirens and warning in Hamburg
- Prague has metal barriers
- 140,000 people protected by dykes
Typhoon - Haiyan (impacts, hazards)
PSI
- typhoon happened in the Philippines
- winds of 313km/hg and some areas had over 250mm of rainfall
Impacts
- major rice corn and sugar producing areas destroyed
- tacloban airport severely damaged
- estimated 5.8 billion of damage
- 30,000 boats destroyed
Social impacts
- 7,000 people killed
- 1.9 million left homeless
- diseases lack of sanitation, water, food
- power and mobile services knocked out
Environmental impacts
- floods damaging houses and businesses (leads to unemployment)
- loss of wildlife habitat
- roads blocked by trees
- loss of estimated 70,000 hectares of farmland
Great Barrier Reef (coasts, opportunities)
PSI
- largest living structure on earth
- over 2000km long
- Trillions and trillions of coral polyps
Opportunities
- tourism 2 million visitors each year
- over 1 billion value of tourism
- job opportunities
- the coral reef protects the coast line
- researching the reef for medicine treatments (asthma and cancer)
Happiburgh (coastal management)
PSI
- one property per year is lost
- the village was once 250m from the sea
- 1400 population and 600 houses
- soft clay at the bottom and sand on the top of the cliff (erodes faster)
Groynes installed 1950
Sea defences built in 1959
Wooden revetments and managed retreat
1990 a storm hit 300 metres of wooden revetments destroyed
4000 tonnes of rock armour in 2002
Another 10,000 tone es of rock armour was added later down the line
Amazon Rainforest (impacts of deforestation, characteristics)
PSI
- 17% of the forest is already gone
- global temperatures will rise to 4C when its at 20%-25%
- between 40 and 100 types of trees in the Amazon rainforest can be found per hectare
- over 1,800 different types of plant life
Impacts of deforestation on global environment
- reduction of oxygen
- increase of carbon dioxide
- greenhouse effect, warming the earth
- melting of icebergs, loss of habitation and rising sea levels
- may lead to extinction of animals too
Characteristics of the ecosystem
- The average temperature of the Amazon rainforest is 65 and 78 degrees Fahrenheit
- The humidity also contributes to the incredibly moist climate, making it possible for many plant species to thrive.
- Rainfall is common in a rainforest biome and it most often occurs every day.
- this is because of the high rates of evaporation and transpiration and
- Eastern trade winds that blow from the Atlantic Ocean account for about half of the rainfall,
- talk about the layers of a rainforest
-
Sri Lanka land use, A farm or agricultural system
Inputs
Small land of 2 hectares.
There is flatland due to being on the River Mahaweli.
Uses oxen manure as fertiliser.
Rainfall (about 2,000mm per year)
No machinery or physical labour from children as they go to school unlike neighbouring farmers in other industries.
Process
Ploughing of the oxen.
Picking bananas e.g. in the Jathika forest.
Planting rice, sweet potatoes, manioc, chilliest and cabbages.
Rice is grown in flooded fields
Outputs
Cabbage
Chillies
Bananas
Sweet potatoes
South Sudan, food shortages
PSI: 4 million (40% of the population) short of food.
70,000 died from hunger and diseases during the civil war.
Solutions to food shortages: UN food programme delivers food.
Red cross Emergency relief air drops food.
FAO Project that rehabilitates those flooded on the Malarial river and improves watermelon growth along the river Nile.
The IFRC is supporting South Sudan Red Cross in providing
- essential household items, such as sleeping mats,
mosquito nets, buckets, soap, tarpaulins and kitchen sets
- basic agricultural support including seeds and
essential farming tools.
Factors/effects of food shortages:
Hunger
Susceptible to infectious diseases
Impair physical and mental development
Reduce labor productivity
loss of job opportunities
Why has there been food shortages
(Remember to explain how)
- extreme weather, floods and droughts
- climate (hot)
- conflicts
- Desertification
- A lack of availability and access to quality seeds and planting materials
