2.3 coasts

Question 1

what is coasts

Answer 1

coasts is where the land meets the sea

Question 2

physical features of a coast

Answer 2

beaches, ocean/water cliffs trees such as mangroves etc

Question 3

opportunities to a coast

Answer 3

shipping trade
tourism
sports leisure
transport
job opportunities
protection (historically)

Question 4

rocks vs erosion

Answer 4

the softer the rock the smoother the erosion is the harder the rock the more jagged

Question 5

concordant coast

Answer 5

vertically in a hard rock, softrock and hardrock

Question 6

discordant

Answer 6

bands of rock that is 90 degrees to the coastline the waves erode the soft rocks and firsts and eventually the hard rocks by using refraction and retreats upstream

Question 7

coastline retreats

Answer 7

crack, cave, arch, stack, stump

Question 8

formation of cove

Answer 8

happens on concordant coastlines
crack (weakness)
makes crack bigger
cracks to the softer rock
waves spread out after passing through a narrow opening (wave diffraction)
waves are slower therefore deposition happens making a beach

Question 9

types of coastal erosion

Answer 9

hydraulic action
abrasion
attrition
solution

Question 10

coastline erosion (cliff)

Answer 10

sea attacks the base creating a notch, using hydraulic action abrasion and attrition and solution
notch becomes to big and cliffs falls down
weathering erosion help speed up the process
-acids rain dissolves the rock
-tree roots makes cracks
-rabbits make burrows
-water falls in the crack if it freezes it will expand the crack
once the cliff is retreated it makes a wave cut platform

Question 11

what are waves for

Answer 11

waves can erode transport deposit

Question 12

how are waves measured

Answer 12

by anemo

Question 13

constructive waves features

Answer 13

longer wave length
low frequency
low wave height
strong swash
weak backwash
(runs out of energy so deposition happens)

Question 14

destructive waves

Answer 14

short wave length
high wave height
high frequency
weak swash
strong backwash
(taking minerals away, steep slope)

Question 15

long shore drift

Answer 15

process of transportation

prevailing wind coming at an angle so swash comes at an angle
backwash comes back straight due to gravity
repeats

Question 16

coastal spit

Answer 16

long shore drift happen at a coast (this moves material along the coast)
(Describe longshore drift)
coastline changes direction long shore drift continues to deposit material
coastal spit extends out across the mouth of a river
as the spit extend as into deeper water wind comes from a different angle causing it to curve
salt marsh appears, due to the mud from the river

Question 17

hard engineering

Answer 17

building a physical barrier or structure

• groynes, blocks longshore drift to catch sediment
• gabions, metal cages at the base of the cliff
• revetments. wood placed in front of the coast protects cliff
• rock armour, rocks placed by the cliff
• sea wall, a wall placed by the cliff
• offshore breakwaters reef, a rock island to break waves early
• ## cliff drainage, pipes to drain out the water (prevents weathering erosion)

Question 18

soft engineering

Answer 18

working with the natural process of the coast

beach replenishment, adding sediment to the build the beach
managed retreat, remove defenses to create a wetland/marsh
cliff regarding, change the angle of the cliff to slow erosion

Question 19

mangrove features

Answer 19

leaves are able to release salt
roots can filter out salt
roots can hold it in place
survive flooding
cut off a root and stick it in ground and it will grow
provides a shelter for sea creatures

Question 20

Mangrove opportunties

Answer 20

good flood defense
tourism
releases oxygen (like trees)
provides shelter for sea creatures

Question 21

mangrove threats

Answer 21

aquaculture (shrimp farms)
pollution (polluting the water)
rising sea levels
firewood

Question 22

coral reefs conditions it needs to grow

Answer 22

clear water
warm water temperature (20-25c)
algae
saltwater

Question 23

coral reefs threat

Answer 23

speed boats, churns the water
eutrophication, fertilizer dumped washed away, this rapidly grows the algae blocks the sunlight
coral mining
litter, boat anchors
coral jewelry

Question 24

coral reef opportunities

Answer 24

tourism, income and job opportunities
contains more than 800,000 sea creatures
fish nurseries 1 billion people depend on coral for food

Question 25

types of coral reefs

Answer 25

atoll reefs
fringing reefs
barrier reefs

Question 26

sand dunes

Answer 26

sand dries up by the sun
carried by the wind
trapped by an obstacle
Causing the sand wind to slow down and deposit which forms an embryo dune
vegetation grows on it catching new sediment