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Medicine year 2 semester 2 > Case 24- Imaging > Flashcards

Case 24- Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Overview of femoral nerve function

A

Compartment- Anterior/extensors of the thigh
Muscles- 3 vasti muscles, rectus femoralis, sartorius
Function- Knee extension (Sartorius- knee flexion)

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2
Q

When can ultrasound be used in trauma

A

Ultrasound can be used to identify sites of haemorrhagic, causes of non-haemorrhagic shock and also guide procedures such as vascular access

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3
Q

Ultrasound principles

A

The greater the difference in the speed of sound between two adjacent structures, the greater the reflection where they meet

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4
Q

Ultrasound- colour

A

White area- highly reflective

Black area- no reflection

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5
Q

eFAST scan

A 
Extended
Focused
Assessment
Sonography
Trauma
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6
Q

Types of ligaments in the knee joint

A

1) Extracapsular ligament

2) Intracapsular ligament

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7
Q

Extracapsular ligaments of the knee

A 
Tight in knee extension (most stable position of the joint)
Slack in knee flexion
Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament
Arcuate popliteal ligament
Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
Oblique popliteal ligament
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8
Q

Medial/tibial collateral ligament

A

At its midpoint, the deep fibers of the TCL are firmly attached to the medial meniscis
Between the medial epicondyle and the Medial condyle and superior part of the medial surface of the tibia

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9
Q

Lateral/fibular collateral ligament

A

Between the Lateral epicondyle and the Lateral surface of the fibular head

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10
Q

Arcuate Popliteal ligament

A

Arises from the posterior aspect of the fibular head and passes superomedial over the tendon of the popliteus
Strengthens the capsule posterolaterally

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11
Q

Oblique popliteal ligament

A

An expansion of the semimembranosus that blends with the capsule reinforcing it posteriorly

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12
Q

Oblique popliteal ligament

A

An expansion of the semimembranosus that blends with the capsule reinforcing it posteriorly

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13
Q

Intracapsular (cruciate) ligament

A 
Medial collateral ligament and capsule
Anterior cruciate ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial collateral ligament and capsule
Both cruciate ligaments lie outside the synovial cavity (but inside the capsule) of the knee joint
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14
Q

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

A

Arises from the anterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia
Passes to the medial side of the lateral femoral condyle
Helps to medially rotate femur to lock the knee into standing

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15
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament

A

Arises from the posterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia
Passes to the lateral side of the medial femoral condyle

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16
Q

Cruciate ligaments

A

Tight when the knee is extended and slack when the knee is flexed

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17
Q

Other structures which form the knee joint

A

Hyaline cartilage articular surfaces

Menisci: Deep fibrous articular cartilage

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18
Q

Menisci

A

Dense fibrous articular cartilage
C-shapes (wedge-shaped in sagittal view)
Vascular at margins
Attached to the tibia by the meniscotibial ligaments
Inside the synovial cavity
Move in flexion, extension and rotation of the knee

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19
Q

Role of the cruciate ligaments

A

Anterior cruciate ligament- the anterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee. Limits medial rotation of the femur when the foot is on the ground and the leg is flexed
Posterior cruciate ligament- the posterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding anteriorly of the tibia, particularly when the knee if flexed

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20
Q

Injuries to the knee joint

A

3 C’s- Collaterals, Cruciates and Cartilages
Blow to the lateral side of the knee is a common sports injury, risk of ‘Terrible Triad.’
Tearing the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament is often associated with damage to the common peroneal (fibular) nerve

21
Q

Knee- Terrible Triad

A

1) Rupture of medial (tibial) collateral ligament
2) Tearing the medial meniscus
3) Tearing the anterior cruciate ligament

22
Q

Overview of the Sciatic nerve

A

Compartment- Posterior/flexor
Muscles- Hamstring (long head of the bicep, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) and short head of the biceps femoris
Function- Knee flexion

23
Q

Pes anserinosus

A

The three muscles sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus have a common insertion the pes anserinus into the superior part of the medial surface of the tibia

24
Q

Overview of the obturator nerve

A

Compartment- Medial compartment/ adductors of the hip joint
Muscles- Gracilis
Function- Hip adduction (Gracilis- knee flexion)

25
Q

Proximal attachments of the Quadricep muscles

A

Rectus femoris- anterior inferior iliac spine and ilium superior to the acetabulum
Vastus lateralis- greater trochanter and the lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur
Vastus medialis- Intertrochanteric line and the medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur
Vastus intermedius- anterior and lateral surfaces of the shaft of the femur

26
Q

Blood supply to the thigh

A

Femoral artery- anterior compartment

Deep artery of the thigh- posterior compartment

27
Q

Blood supply to the leg

A

Posterior compartment- Posterior tibial
Lateral compartment- Fibular artery
Anterior compartment- Anterior tibial, Dorsalis pedis artery

28
Q

What nerve supplies the dorsum of the foot except for its medial and lateral borders

A

Superficial fibular nerve- runs along the lateral portion of their leg

29
Q

What group of muscles are in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

Quadriceps femoris, Iliopsoas, Sartorius

30
Q

What ligament must the needle pass through when performing a lumbar puncture

A

Ligamentum flavum

31
Q

Role of suxamethonium

A

Its a skeletal muscle relaxant

32
Q

What muscle contributes to the floor of the femoral triangle

A

Pectineus

33
Q

What bone is important in maintaining the stability of the lateral longitudinal arch

A

Cuboid

The Talus forms part of the medial longitudinal arch

34
Q

What muscle can flex the hip and the knee joint

A

Sartorius

Semitendinosus- hip extension and knee flexion
Rectus femoris- hip flexion and knee extension
Gracilis- hip adduction and knee flexion
Bicep femoris- hip extension and knee flexion

35
Q

What muscle is capable of dorsiflexion of the foot

A

Tibialis anterior

36
Q

What nerve supplies the flexor hallucis longus

A

Tibial- supplies the posterior aspect of the leg

37
Q

Nerve supply to the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

The femoral nerve supplies the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh and gives off cutaneous branches namely the anterior femoral and saphenous nerves.

38
Q

What muscle is a weak flexor of the knee joint

A

Gracilis

39
Q

What nerve innervates the majority of muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg

A

Deep fibular (peroneal)

40
Q

What region of the vertebral column does the vertebral artery pass through

A

Cervical

41
Q

What muscle produces plantarflexion of the ankle joint

A

Tibialis posterior and the Extensor digitorum longus

42
Q

What muscle lies medial to the femoral nerve as it passes over the iliac bone

A

Psoas major

43
Q

What bone forms the lateral longitudinal arch

A

Calcaneus- forms both the lateral and medial longitudinal arch

44
Q

Types of skin graft

A

Split thickness- only taking the top part of the skin, heals by it’s self doesn’t leave a scar
Full thickness- goes through all layers of the skin but creates a wound which needs to be stitched together. Can only use small areas, contracts less so is better cosmetically. Tends to be used on the face and hand

45
Q

Free flap

A

Involves micro vascular surgery
You take an area of tissue and divide both the arteries and the veins
Move it to another area and stitch the blood vessels back together, so you still have an inflow and outflow of blood

46
Q

When do use a free flap

A

When you have exposed muscle and bone

47
Q

Flexor tendons

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis- PIP

Flexor digitorum profundus- DIP

48
Q

Classification of nerve injuries

A

Neurapeaxia- concussion, the nerve stops working for a bit but then goes back to normal
Axonotmesis- sheath intact, axons cut
Neurotmesis- sheath and axons cut

Medicine year 2 semester 2 (47 decks)

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