Caronline's Notes Flashcards
Metes and Bounds Survey System:
it is a method for describing a property in the form of a narrative. The property is described by beginning at a specific point on the property boundary and then describing the length and direction of the boundaries of the property, until the entire property is encompassed.
example:
“beginning with a corner at the intersection of two stone walls near an appletree on the north side of Muddy Creek road one mile above the junction of Muddy and Indian Creeks, north for 150 rods (rod is a unit of measurement) to the end of the stone wall bordering the road, then northwest along a line to a large standing rock on the corner of John Smith’s place, thence west 150 rods to the corner of a barn near a large oak tree, thence south to Muddy Creek road, thence down the side of the creek road to the starting point.”
Plat map:
a land plan. A component of a survey, typically furnished by a civil engineer,
and drawn to scale, it indicates the bearings and dimensions of property lines.
Romanesque
St Michaels Church (shown) /Trier Cathedral /Pisa Cathedral
- Walls of massive thickness with few and comparatively small openings
- Buttresses are not a highly significantfeature, as they are in Gothic architure
- The arches used in Romanesque architecture such as doors and windows, for vaults and for arcades.
- Arcades are also used: an arcade is a row of arches, supported on piers or columns.
- Piers were often employed to support arches
- Columns and vaults are an important structural feature of Romanesque
Gothic
Cathedral de Notre Dame de Paris (shown)/ Reims Cathedral/ Chartres Cathedral
Emphasizes verticality (height) and light (expansive area of windows) achieved by the development of certain architectural features: clustered columns, pointed ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses = thinner walls
- Religious structures were often surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.
- Gothic cathedrals were intended to convey a theological message: the great glory of God.
- Symbolically and through ornamentation.
- Most Gothic churches, unless they are entitled chapels, are of the Latin cross (or “cruciform”) plan, with a long nave making the body of the church, a transverse arm called the transept and, beyond it, an extension which may be called the choir, chancel or presbytery.
Renaissance
San Augustino (shown)/St Peters Basilica / Santa Maria Novella / Palazzo Medici / St Peters Piazza
- The plans of Renaissance buildings have asquare, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module
- Façades are symmetrical around their vertical axis
- Arches are semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental.
- Vaults do not have ribs. They are semi- circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular.
- The dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally
American Georgian
A 1–2 story box, 2 rooms deep, using strict symmetry arrangements
- Panel front door centered, toppedwith rectangular windows (in door or as a transom) and capped with an elaborate crown/entablature supported by decorative pilasters
- Cornice embellished with decorative moldings, usually dentil work
- Multi-panewindowsareneverpaired,and fenestrations are arranged symmetrically (whether vertical or horizontal), usually 5 across
- Roof: Side-gabled; Gambrel; Hipped
- Chimneysonbothsidesofthehome
- Aporticointhemiddleoftheroofwitha window in the middle is more common with post-Georgian styles
- Largerwindowswith9or12panesonthe
main floors
Federal/Adamesque
- Differs from preceding Georgian colonial interpretations in its use of plainer surfaces with attenuated detail, usually isolated in panels, tablets and friezes.
- Flatter smoother facade and rarely used pilasters.
- applied to the balanced and symmetrical version of Georgian architecture
Greek Revival
- Thomas Jefferson was to prove instrumental in introducing Greek revival architecture to the United States.
- A rebirth of classical Greek architectural elements
- Some larger or commercial buildings in this style are loosely based on the Greek temple, with a low triangular roofline and a facade of columns. Usually includes rectangular balanced compositions with sash windows, elaborate entrances with transoms, projecting porticos, and large ornaments.
Gothic Revival
a.k.a Victorian Gothic
The Gothic Revival style was based on the churches and homes of Europe in the Middles Ages and is considered the firsttrue Victorian style. They have irregular pitched gable roofs, fanciful eave treatments, pointed arch windows, and sometimes elaborate Gothic ornamentation and details
Italianate
- Borrowed Italian Renaissance motifs synthesized with picturesque aesthetics.
- They are rectangular in shape, with two to three stories, tall and narrow, a balanced composition with bracketed cornices, parapets and false fronts, elongated, arched, wooden sash windows, largepaneled doors, and facades decorated with molded panels, friezes, pilasters or quoins.
Second Empire
- In the United States, the Second Empire style usually combined a rectangular tower, or similar element, with a steep, but short, mansard roof; the roof being the most noteworthy link to the style’s French roots.
- This tower element could be of equal height as the highest floor, or could exceed the height of the rest of the structure by a story or two.
- The mansard roof crest was often topped with an iron trim, sometimes referred to as “cresting”.
- Floor plans for Second Empire residences could either be symmetrical, with the tower (or tower-like element) in the center, or asymmetrical, with the tower or tower-like element to one side.
Shingle Style
McKim, Mead and White and Peabody and Stearns were two of the notable firms of the era that helped to popularize the Shingle style
- Aside from being a style of design, the style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume. This effect—of the building as an envelope of space, rather than a great mass, was enhanced by the visual tautness of the flat shingled surfaces, the horizontal shape of many Shingle-style houses, and the emphasis on horizontal continuity, both in exterior details and in the flow of spaces within the houses
- This impression of the passage of time is enhanced by the use of shingles.
- Shingle-style houses often use a single, large roof, such as a gambrel or hip roof. The houses thus emanate a more pronounced mass and a greater emphasis on horizontality
Richardsonian Romanesque
- It is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after architect Henry Hobson Richardson, whose masterpiece is Trinity Church, Boston (1872–77), designated a National Historic Landmark.
- It emphasizes clear, strong picturesque massing, round-headed “Romanesque” arches, often springing from clusters of short squat columns, recessed entrances, richly varied rustication, blank stretches of walling contrasting with bands of windows, and cylindrical towers with conical caps embedded in the walling.
Queen Anne
Originating in England’s pre-Georgian period, the Queen Anne style usually includes Classical ornamentation added to a building with medieval forms. The American Queen Anne period began at the end of the 19th century, and is characterized by spool work, shaped shingles, foliated plasterwork, irregular, gabled, hipped and conical roofs, complex compositions emphasizing varied, surface textures, varied entrance designs frequently with porches, and a mixture of various ornamentation. They may include a turret or brick chimney, or fish scale shingles, combining various elements of earlier styles.
American Foursquare
-A reaction to the ornate and mass produced elements of the Victorian and other Revival styles popular throughout the last half of the 19th century, the American Foursquare was plain, often incorporating handcrafted “honest” woodwork (unless purchased from a mail-order catalogue). This style incorporates elements of the Prairie School and the Craftsman styles.
The hallmarks of the style include a basically square, boxy design, two-and-one-half stories high, usually with four large, boxy rooms to a floor, a center dormer, and a large front porch with wide stairs. The boxy shape provides a maximum amount of interior room space, to use a small city lot to best advantage. Other common features included a hipped roof, arched entries between common rooms, built-in cabinetry, and Craftsman-style woodwork
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Colonial Revival
Sought to revive elements of Georgianarchitecture usually being two stories in height with the ridge pole running parallel to the street, a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway and evenly spaced windows on either side of it
=Elaborate front doors, often with decorative crown pediments and overhead fanlights and sidelights, but with machine-made woodwork that had less depth and relief than earlier handmade versions. Window openings, while symmetrically located on either side of the front entrance, were usually hung in adjacent pairs or in triple combinations rather than as single windows. Side porches or sunrooms were common additions to these homes, introducing modern comforts.
-Also distinctive in this style are multiple columned porches and doors with fanlights and sidelights.
Praire School
The works of the Prairie School architects are usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the native prairie landscape.
The Prairie School was also an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture that did not share design elements and aesthetic vocabularywith earlier styles of European classical architecture.
American Craftsman
- the movements emphasized the hand-made over the mass produced
- kitchen be integrated into the main house with easy sight lines to the common areas of the main floor as well as the backyard
- built in “breakfast nook”
- low pitched roof lines, gabled or hipped roof
- deeply overhaning eaces
- exposed rafters or decorative brackets under eaves
- front porch beneath extension of main roof
- tapered, square columns supporting roof
- 4-over-1 or 6-over 1 double hung windows
- FLW design motifs
- hand crafted stone wood work
- mixed material throughout structure
Art Deco
-art deco was purely decorative
Deco is distinctive in its use of geometric designs in low relief. It borrowed from other cultures, Egypt, Central America and Asia and even from the machine age, in its incarnation as Streamline Modern. This innovation softened the hard edges of 1920’s Deco with aerodynamic curves suggestive of airplanes and ocean liners in
The term International Style came from the 1932 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, organized by Philip Johnson, and from the title of the exhibition catalog for that exhibit, written by Johnson and Henry Russell Hitchcock
-Three principles: the expression of volume rather than mass, the emphasis on balance rather than preconceived symmetry, and
the expulsion of applied ornament.
Indemnification clause:
attempts to hold harmless both the owner and architect for any damages, claims, or losses resulting from the performance of any work on the project whether by the contractor or others with whom the architect has no contractual relationship.
Warranty Deed:
a guarantee that the property title will be transferred to a buyer free of liens, claims, or other debt.
Deed:
it is a document signed by the seller (grantor) and delivered to the buyer (grantee), conveying the title of a property from one owner to another, when a property is sold. This document becomes legally recognized when it has been recorded in the office of the recorder in the city or county in which the property is located.
Functional Program:
it is information or data provided by the owner for the analysis and creation of a facilities program
Facilities Program:
it is a program that considers scope, area minimums, area adjacencies, ballpark costs and site analysis based on a functional program.
Amortization:
it refers to spreading payments over multiple periods.
Building commisioning
is the process of verifying, in new construction, that all the subsystems achieve the owner’s project requirements as intended by the building owner and as designed by the building architects and engineers; it is a quality-focused process necessary for both non-complex and complex modern construction projects. All forms of building commissioning share the same goals: to produce a building that meets the unique needs of its owner and occupants, operates as efficiently as possible, provides a safe, comfortable work environment, and is operated and
maintained by a well-trained staff or service contractor
When does the building comissioning process typically start?
ideally, building comissioning starts during the design process
the typical comissioning process is meant to be a team approach made up of four phases:
1) design
2) construction
3) acceptance
4) post-acceptance
contractos are resonsible for the means, methods, and procedures of building on the site, how does the architect distinguish this?
- when the building is completed, will that work be completed, will that work still be i place? (e.g. shoring for trenches, scaffolding); not part of the finished building
why does the archtiect rarely want to specify a construction procedure in his/her documents?
because the contractor can you that specification to shift liability for job site safety to the owner and arguably to the architect
Is the GC responsible for nonconforming work done by his/her subcontractors, even though that subcontractor is not an employee of the GC?
yes, the GC remains responsible for the noncofmring work done by the sub and is responsible for correcting it
who is responsible for pulling and paying for permits, inspections, and fees required by goverment agencies?
contractor
what are the two types of concealed or unknown conditions that may entitle a contractor to additional funds not included in his original bid?
1) subsurface of concealed conditions that differ from what is shown on the drawings
2) atypical conditions; big surprise that isn’t shown on any drawings
what must a contractor do is he/she discovers a concealed or unknown conditions?
the contractor must give notice to the owner and architect before distrubing the differing conditions and within 21 days of first observing them to give time to the architect to investigate
when is the contractor required to submit a schedule for the work?
promptly after the contractor is awarded the contract
is an architect required to approve the contractor’s construction schedule for the work? Why or why not?
- the architect isn’t required to approve a contractor’s construction schedule
- the construction schedule is merely for the information of the architec and owner
- this is consisntent with the concept that the contractor is responsible for the sequence of work
is the architect required to approve the contractor’s schedule for submittal? why or why not?
yes, the architect ir required to appove the contractor’s submittal schedule.
- this allows the opportunity for the architect and contractor to coordinate role in submittal approval
- architect can anticipate when a large number of submittal is to be expected and can assign internal staff accordingly
typically, how should an architect respond to submittal not required by the contract documents?
the architect is not obliged to review or take action with regard to them
why does an architect review submittals required by contract documents?
-the architect simply verfies if the submittal conform with the original design intent
What option does the owner and architect have if they refuse to work with a subcontractor proposed by the GC?
- the owner and architect have the right to reject a subcontractor, and the GC must hire an alternate sub
- a change order must be issued, if the alternate sub is more or less expensive
if a GC goes bankrupt what happens to the subcontractors contracts?
- the subcontractor’s contracts can be assigned to a different GC or to the owner
- this prevent subcontractor from gainin infair leverage to negotiate a new and potentially more expensive contract for the owner
What are deductive change orders?
- changes in the the work that reduce the amount of the original contract sum
- typically, this doesn’t include the contracto’r overhead and profit
when is a contractor entitled to a change order?
1) scope change
2) concealed conditions and surprise events (e.g. natural disaster, war, labor strike)
3) problems with drawings
compensable delays
- causes of delay for which the contractor is made completely whole
- contractor is given extra time AND money for the consequences of the delay
(scope change, problems in the drawings, concealed conditions)
excusable delay
-contractor is given extra time only
(natural disasters, force major events)
concurrent delay
- delays caused by both the contactor and owner
- considered an excusable delay
what is a scedule of values?
- a documents produced by the contractor that lists the estimated price for construction
- often divided by construction category or subcontractors
True or false. Neither the owner or the architect has an obligation to make sure subcontractors are paid.
True
High-Rise Buildings: for the purpose of the means of egress, they are required to be provided with:
Automatic sprinkler system
Smoke detectors and alarms
Communication systems
Central control stations for fire department use
Smoke control for exit stair enclosures
Standby power systems
Pro forma statement:
1)a financial projection for the development of a project meant to determine if the project is feasible, given estimates on potential income and the cost of developing the project. 2) It is a mean of determining a project’s construction budget by listing labor and construction costs.
tare space
the area needed for mechanical, electrical, and telephone equipment, walls, wall thickness, circulation, and public toilets
SPL, as applied to buildings, represents
sounds pressure level
what are CC&R’s?
convenants, coditions, restrictions
How should owner-accepted noncoforming work be noted on the architect’s certificates of substantial completion?
- owner-accepted nonconforming work should be noted as an exclusion
what should an architect do is owner-accepted nonconforming work conflicts with code requirements?
-the architect must object to the acceptance and insist on completion and correction
true or false. assisting a third-party IDM, or administering an extensive number of claims as the IDM is listed as an additional service in the B101?
true
specific plan
a comprehensive planning documents that guides the development of a defined geographic area in a mux of uses including residential, commercial, industrial, schools, parks, and open space
general plan
the ling-term policy guide for the physical , economic, and environmental growth of a city and represents the community’s vision of its ultimate physical growth
OPR
Owner’s Project Requirements
Owner’s project requirements consist of the owner’s requirements or objectives in specific or general terms and include quantitative metrics or criteria for each objective.
BOD
Basis of Design
The basis of design consists of narrative descriptions of systems and assemblies and the criteria and assumptions behind design decisions.
goverment agencies regulate the development of projects through
- general plans & specific plans
- CC&R are used by the homeowner’s association HOA
exculpatory clause
A provision in a contract under which either of two things is stipulated: (1) one party is relieved of any blame or liability arising from the other party’s wrongdoing, or (2) one party (usually the one that drafted the agreement) is freed of all liability arising out of performance of that contract.
eminent domain
-the state has the power to seize a citizen’s private property, without the owner’s consent and use the property for the public benefits. the state has to pay a fair market value to the owner for the loss of the property
which of the following project types receives the most tax incentives with regard to historical building?
a. preservation
b. rehabilitation
c. restoration
d. reconstruction
b. rehabilitation
rank the following refrigerents by they ODP rate, starting from the largest to lowest
CFC
HCFC
HFC
CFC>HCFC>HFC
What are 4 types of wetlans found in the USA?
1) bogs
2) fens
3) marshes
4) lakes
What is SWPPP?
Stormwater Pollution prevention plan
What is NPDES?
Nationa Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Who is typically in charge of preparing the Best Management Practices (BMP) plan?
civil engineer
