Ballast - Building Programming Flashcards
During programming, space for a particular use is usually determiend by one of three ways:
1) the number of people that must be accomodated - classroom space can be pased on number of students
2) an object or piece of equipment - parking garage space based on number of cars
3) a specific activity that has its own, clearly specificed space needs - a basket ball arena must accomodate a court with standard dimensions regardless of the number of spectators
A student sitting in a classroom typically need how much square footage
15 - 20 sq ft
-this includes space for actually sitting in a chair in addition to the space required for circulating within the classroom and apce for the teacher’s desk and shelving
net assigneable area
- aka net area
- areas that house the primary activities of the building
unassigned areas
- areas that do not house the primary actiities of the building
- example: general circulation space, mechanical shafts, electrical and telephone equipment rooms, wall and strucutral thickness
gross building area
-the sum of the unassigned areas and net area
net-to-gross ratio
what is this also known as?
- the ratio of net area to gross area
- efficiency of the building
- depends on the type of the occupancy and how well it is planned
generally, net-to-gross ratios range from …
…60% to 80%
how do you calculate the gross area of the building?
-divide the net area by the net-to-gross (efficiency) ratio
or
-find the sum of net area to unassiagned area
during programming. there are three basic types of adjacency needs:
1) people - spaces may need to be adjacent or very close to one another when people need face to face contact
2) products - products, equipment may need to move between spaces; spaces need not be adjacent but the movement of objects must be facilitated
3) information - adjacency may be entirely electrocnic or be established through paper-moving systems
there are 6 fundamental organization concepts:
1) linear
2) axial
3) grid
4) central
5) radial
6) clustered
axial
Consist of a series of buildings or spaces (identical or of different sizes and shapes) that always relate to a single line. A linear organization is adaptable, easily expandable, and be built in a modular configuration.
Positive: major circulation occurs between two points.
Negative: lack of focus, may be congested, expansion may be limited.
central
It is based on one space or point about which secondary elements are placed. This organization concept is often used in combination with axial or linear plans
Positive: common point of origin, compact, allows for maximum social interaction
Negative: somewhat inflexible.
clustered
It is a loose composition of spaces or buildings related around a path, axis, or central space, or they are simply grouped together.
Positive: adaptable to requirements for different sizes of spaces and they are easy to add onto without disrupting the overall composition
Negative: may become extended
radial
More than one linear organization extends from a centralized point. This organization has a central focus and also has the ability to extend outward to connect with other spaces or expand. It can be circular or assume other shapes.
Positive: common point of origin, compact, allows for maximum social interaction, allows for expansion
Negative: may become extended
axial
It is a variation of the linear system with two or more major linear segments about which buildings or spaces are placed.
Positive: allows for expansion.
Negative: may become extended.
grid
Consists of two sets of regularly spaced parallel lines, which creates one pattern that is very strong, and one that is quite flexible.
Positive: allows for expansion in several directions, flexible, compact, and appropriate for very large buildings and building complexes where a great amount of circulation is required.
Negative: may become monotonous.
circulation patterns
-primary ways of organizing spaces, buildings, and groups of buildings
what are the 5 basic circulation patterns
1) dumbbell
2) doughnut
3) radial
4) grid
5) field
dumbbell
Spaces are laid out along a straight path that connects two major elements at the ends. Positive: simplest, most flexible, double loaded corridor makes it very efficient, spaces are laid out perpendicular to the path and allow for extension along the length of the spaces.
Negative: site constraints may restrict the length of the spine.
doughnut
Making a complete loop of the dumbbell results in a doughnut configuration.
Positive: spaces at the perimeter can be expanded outward. It is good for square or nearly square sites and for buildings that must be compact. Spaces that do not need exterior exposure can be placed in the middle. Entries, exits, stairways can be placed wherever needed.
Grid
Positive: used in large buildings where access must be provided to many internal spaces
Negative: not appropriate and inefficient for small buildings.
Radial
It is oriented on one major space with paths extending from its central area.
Positive: appropriate for large buildings or building complexes
Negative: requires a large site. Each corridor must have an exit at the end if it is longer than 20ft.
Consists of a network of paths with no strong direction.
Negative: orientation is difficult, may become extended
