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2.1 Cell and Molecular Biology > Carla - The Cell > Flashcards

Carla - The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

List the ten most important organelles in the cell

A

Nucleus
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Recticulum
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm

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2
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

Through the nuclear pores

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3
Q

What happens after mRNA leaves the nucleas?

A

It moves to the ribosome where it forms a chain of amino acids

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4
Q

List the eight structural components of a mitochondrion

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Intermembrane space
Cristae
Matrix
Granules
Ribosomes
DNA

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5
Q

What does the mitochondrion do?

A

Performs cellular respiration

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6
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The breakdown of food into energy the body can use (ATP)

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7
Q

What is the main theory on the origin of the mitochondrion?

A

They are believe to have been prokaryotes that formed a symbiotic relationship with humans

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8
Q

Why is it theorised that mitochondria were once prokaryotes?

A

They have their own DNA and can undergo some processes on its own

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9
Q

What are the cristae of a mitochondrion?

A

Folds in the inner membrane

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10
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic recticulum?

A

Smooth and rough

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11
Q

What is the main differnce between smooth and rough ER?

A

Rough ER has a lot of ribosomes while smooth ER has very little

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12
Q

Why does rough ER have so many ribosomes?

A

Rough ER is where many proteins are made

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13
Q

What is the main function of smooth ER?

A

It packages up newly synthesised proteins (from the rough ER) and ships them off to the Golgi apparatus

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14
Q

What is the main function of ribosomes?

A

This is where translation occurs

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15
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus often called?

A

The protein delivery centre

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16
Q

What happens to proteins in the GA?

A

Modifications to proteins can be made here e.g. groups can be added on e.g. phosphorylation

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17
Q

What happens to proteins after they have been modified in the GA?

A

They are transported through the vesicles in the GA and then floated out into the cytoplasm

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18
Q

What happens to proteins after they have left the GA?

A

They are either used within the cell or they undergo exocytosis

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19
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

This is where molecules such as proteins contained within a vesicle are spat out of the cell

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20
Q

Where in the cell is the GA located?

A

Usually found beside or close by the ER in order to organise proteins efficiently

21
Q

What are the two faces of the GA

A

The cis and trans face

22
Q

What does the CIS face of the GA do?

A

It accepts proteins from the ER and organises them

23
Q

What does the trans face of the ER do?

A

It ships proteins out to where they are needed in vesicles

24
Q

How does the GA form vesicles?

A

By pinching off parts of it’s membrane

25
Q

What is found inside the lysosome?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

26
Q

What is found on the outside of the lysosome?

A

Transport proteins

27
Q

What is the lysosome often called in relation to it’s function in the cell?

A

The stomach of the cell

28
Q

List some of the functinos of the lysosome

A

Help destroy invading pathogens

Apoptosis

29
Q

What is the pH inside the lysosome?

A

pH 5

30
Q

What is the pH inside the cell?

A

pH 7

31
Q

Why do the enzymes found inside the lysosome only work at pH 5?

A

This is a safety mechanism to prevent unintentional damage to the cell

32
Q

How are lysosomes used to treat cancer?

A

Lysosomes are involved in apoptosis - trying to find a way of triggering this in cancer cells

33
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

A phospholipid bilayer (phosphate head and hydrophobic tail)

34
Q

Describe the structure of the phospholipd bilayer

A

The hydrophobic tails hide away in the middle

The hydrophilic heads face the inside of the cell and the extracellular liquid

35
Q

What is meant be the fluid mosaic model

A

The bilayer can be squished and pressed in a way that resembles a liquid mosaic

36
Q

List some of the different plamsa membrane proteins
(4)

A

Intrinsic proteins
Extrinsic proteins
Channel proteins
Ion channel proteins

37
Q

How do intrinsic and extrinsic proteins differ from one another?

A

Intrinsic proteins run from one side to the other

Extrinsic proteins don’t run from one side completely to the other

38
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A message

39
Q

How does cell signalling work?

A

There is constant cross talk between cells

A ligan is picked up by a receptor on a cell

The ligand binds to the receptor, causing a conformational change in the receptor and activating it

A chain reaction then occurs in the cell for the response to occur

40
Q

Why is it dangerous for a cell to pick up an irrelevant ligand?

A

If a cell picks up a growth ligand meant for another cell this can result in the growth of a tumour (cancer)

41
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

The signal is converted from one physical form to another

42
Q

What are the five types of cell signalling?

A

Endocrine
Paracrine
Neuronal
Contact-dependent
Autocrine

43
Q

Write a note on endocrine cell signalling?
(4)

A

They utilise hormones

They work over long distances

Endocrine cell produces a hormone which enters the bloodstream to reach a target cell where it binds to a receptor

e.g. growth hormone

44
Q

Write a note on paracrine cell signalling
(5)

A

Work in a local vicinity

A signalling cell targets a nearby cell (target cell)

Local coordination

Ligands diffuse between the cells through the extracellular fluid

Very important in development

45
Q

Write a note on neuronal cell signal
(5)

A

Neuronal-synaptic signalling

Work over very short distances

Nerve cell signals

Synapse-neurotransmitters

quickly degraded or taken back in to reset (to prevent incorrect firing such as in epilepsy)

46
Q

Write a note on contact-dependent cell signalling
(4)

A

Cell-cell contact signalling

Neighbouring cells

Gap junctions (tiny channels that fit in between cells with extracellular fluid found between)

Intracellular mediators

47
Q

Write a note on autocrine signalling

A

Note to self

Important in development

Helps cells take on their identity and keep it

48
Q

Give four responses to signals

A

Survive
Divide
Differentiate
Die

2.1 Cell and Molecular Biology (26 decks)

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