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2.1 Cell and Molecular Biology > Carla: Role of Cell Signalling In Disease > Flashcards

Carla: Role of Cell Signalling In Disease Flashcards

1
Q

List some positive cues for cell cycle progression
(4)

A

Growth factors

Signalling molecules e.g. small peptides or proteins

Interactions with intracellular signalling pathways via hormones

Other small molecules -> mitogens

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2
Q

What do positive cues for progression do exactly?

A

They increase the activity of cyclins and Cdks

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3
Q

How do signalling molecules such as small peptides and proteins act as signalling cues?
(3)

A

Signalling molecules are detected by receptors

Signal transduction within the cell occurs

This brings about a response

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4
Q

Give an example of a small peptide signalling cue

A

Cytokines

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5
Q

Give an example of a positive progression cue cytokine

A

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

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6
Q

Give three examples of positive cue signalling proteins

A

VEGF

EGF

PDGF

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7
Q

What type of hormones act as positive cues

A

Steroid hormones

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8
Q

Give three examples of types of steroid hormones that act as positive cues

A

Estrogen

Androgens

Progesterones

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9
Q

What are small molecules that act as positive cues called?

A

Mitogens

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10
Q

Give an example of a mitogen

A

ROS

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11
Q

List four negative cues for progression

A

DNA damage
Retinoblastoma protein Rb
p53
p21

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12
Q

What do negative cues actually do?

A

Decrease the activity of cyclins and Cdks

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13
Q

Where exactly do negative cues act?

A

The G1checkpoint

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14
Q

What is p53 often called?

A

The Guardian of the Genome

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15
Q

Why is p53 known as the Guardian of the Genome
(2)

A

It conserves stability by preventing genome mutation

The TP53 gene is classified as a tumour suppressor gene

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16
Q

Give three roles of p53

A

Triggers CDK1 proteins at G1

Activates DNA repair proteins

Programmed cell death

(Overall it maintains genomic stability)

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17
Q

Give two other names for p53

A

Tumour protein 53 (TP53)

Phosphoprotein 53

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18
Q

Where is the TP53 gene found?

A

Short arm of chromosome 17

Ch17p13.1

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19
Q

How long is the TP53 gene?

A

20,000 bp long

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20
Q

What can stimulate the expression of TP53?

A

UV light

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21
Q

What effect does p53 have on stem cells?

A

Important role in the regulation of stem cells

p53 levels are maintained at low inactive levels in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)

p53 activation leads to rapid differentiation of hESCs

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22
Q

What does hESC stand for

A

Human embryonic stem cells

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23
Q

What two things will activated p53 do?

A

Cell will either enter cell cycle arrest

OR

Undergo apoptosis

24
Q

What happens if p53 puts a cell cycle into arrest?

A

DNA will be repaired

Cell cycle will be restarted

Cellular and genetic stability is restored

25
What happens if activated p53 puts a cell into apoptosis? (2)
Cell death and elimination of damaged cells will occur Cellular and genetic stability is restored
26
What are the two common traits in all cancer?
Abnormal cells Out of control growth
27
What four things can abnormal function of cells lead to?
Uncontrolled growth Increased division Decreased death Other aberrant characteristics of cancer cells
28
What are the three characteristics of malignant cancer cells?
Uncontrolled cell growth Invasion Sometimes metastasis
29
What classifies as uncontrolled cell growth?
Division beyond the normal limits
30
What classifies as invasion?
Intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues
31
What classifies as metastasis
Spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood
32
What are benign cancers?
Tumours which are self-limited They do not invade or metastasize
33
Write a note on cancers (5)
Can affect all animals Can affect people of all ages including foetuses For most varieties risk increases with age Nearly all are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells Most form a tumour but some don't e.g. leukaemia
34
Categorise cancers
Carcinoma Sarcoma Lymphoma and leukaemia Germ cell tumour Blastic tumour/blastoma
35
What are carcinomas? (3)
Malignant tumours derived from epithelial cells Most common cancers e.g. breast, prostate, lung and colon cancers
36
What are sarcomas?
Malignant tumours derived from connective tissue or mesenchymal cells
37
What are lymphomas and leukaemia?
Malignancies derived from hematopoietic cells
38
What are blood formoing cells called?
Hematopoietic cells
39
What are germ cell tumours? (3)
Tumours derived from totipotent cells In adults these are often found in testicles/ovaries In foetuses/babies/kids most often found on the body midline, particularly tip of the tailbone
40
What are totipotent cells?
Stem cells that have the potential to develop into any cell found in the human body
41
What are blastic tumours/blastomas? (2)
A usually malignant tumour which resembles an immature or embryonic tissue Many of these tumours are most common in children
42
Classify hallmarks of cancer
Enabling hallmarks Primary hallmarks Emerging hallmarks
43
What are the two enabling hallmarks of cancer?
Genomic instability and mutation Tumour promoting inflammation
44
What are the six primary hallmarks of cancer?
Invasion and metastasis Evading growth suppressors Replicative immortality Resisting cell death Sustained proliferation signal Inducing angiogenesis
45
What is angiogenesis?
The development of new blood vessels
46
What are the two emerging hallmarks of cancer?
Evading immune destruction Reprogramming Energy Metabolism
47
How is cancer lethal? (5)
Replacement of function with non-functional Weakened immunity -> infections Haemorrhaging Tumour burden Overall stress on heart, digestive system and kidneys
48
What is meant by tumour induced haemorrhaging? (3)
Tumours induce angiogenesis -> development of new blood vessels The invading cells have an increased need for vasculature This vasculature can intwine regular vasculature and cause a haemorrhage
49
What is mean by tumour burden?
Tumour size and location can effect the function of an organ and the blood flow to the organ
50
What is the genetic basis of cancer? (6)
Amplification or activating mutation in oncogenes Loss or inactivating mutation in gene involved in tumour suppressor genes TSGs Generation of a fusion gene with cell cycle promoting activities Alterations in promotor activity Loss or inactivating mutation in a gene involved in DNA repair or apoptosis Viral involvement
51
What are oncogenes?
Genes involved in promoting cell division
52
What are tumour suppressor genes?
Genes involved in halting cell division
53
How do tumours induce angiogenesis? (4)
Tumour proliferates and causes hypoxia Hypoxia induces expression of VEGF VEGF stimulates angiogenesis => rapid tumour growth and metastasis
54
What molecule induces angiogenesis? (2)
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
55
What is the typical route of metastasis? (6)
Tumour forms Cells become invasive and enter capillary Cells travel through bloodstream 1 in 1000 cells survive and adhere to blood vessel wall in other organs Cells escape from blood vessel to form micrometastasis Cells colonise liver forming full-blown metastasis

2.1 Cell and Molecular Biology (26 decks)

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