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Foundations 2 Exam 1 > Cariology Intro Hodgson > Flashcards

Cariology Intro Hodgson Flashcards

1
Q

3 main clinical reasons for losing teeth

A

non-restorable cavity, loss of periodontal support, trauma

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2
Q

teeth are ____ objects that exist in ______

A

mineral objects in solution

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3
Q

Teeth are made of minerals called ____

A

apatite

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4
Q

apatite is considered a ____

A

salt, exists in many forms

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5
Q

how teeth behave in solution?? Why?

A

Like salt in solution-thus they dissolve until the solution is saturated (reach equilibrium). This is because they are made of apatite which is considered a salt

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6
Q

Apatite in solution dissolves until what

A

the solution is saturated/equilibrium is reached

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7
Q

solution must be saturated with what to ensure teeth do not just dissolve away

A

calcium and phosphate ions

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8
Q

Apatite is lost via (4 ways)

A

corrosion (caries), attrition, abrasion, and abfraction

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9
Q

dental caries vs cavities

A

caries is the disease from acid produced by bacteria while cavities are the result of caries (the sign of disease i.e. a hole)

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10
Q

Factors for dental caries

A

tooth, acidogenic/aciduric bacteria, fermentable carbs/sugars

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11
Q

enamel structure is similar to __________? (which mineral)

A

mineral hydroxyapatite CaPOOH-may contain stray ions such as Na, Mg, Cl, Fl, and CO3

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12
Q

Structure of apatite crystals

A

long and thin, may run the full length of the enamel, also may fuse with adjacent crystals

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13
Q

In between apatite crystals

A

water and organic material (collagen matrix)

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14
Q

dimensions of an apatite crystal

A

100um long by 50nm thin

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15
Q

the solubility of individual enamel apatite crystals corresponds to the solubility of

A

enamel as a tissue

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16
Q

rate of dissolution in water and how it changes?

A

fast at first and then slows (stops when equilibrium is reached)

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17
Q

how we know when a soln is saturated with respect to the mineral

A

solubility product principle

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18
Q

solubility product principle

A

simply.. how we tell when a soln is saturated with respect to a mineral

this principle says that the V of a rxn (which is Ion Activity product or IAP) is proportional to the product of the masses of the reacting substances, each raised to the power equal to the number of molecules taking part

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19
Q

the effective concentration of an electrolyte or ion and is related to the chemical energy of salts or ions

A

activity?

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20
Q

Solubility product constant or KSP

A

identifies the equilibrium point of a mineral dissolution (point of saturation of the solution) at a specific pH and temp

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21
Q

KSP of HA is

A

7.41 X 10 ^-60 mol^9/I^9 at oH 6 and 37 C

22
Q

Higher KSP means….

A

more soluble

23
Q

When IAP = KSP

A

solution is at equilibrium

24
Q

Ion Activity product or IAP

A

the Velocity of the rxn

25
Q

IAP < KSP

A

solution is under saturated with respect to the mineral and dissolution of the mineral occurs (Demineralization)

26
Q

IAP and KSP relationship in demineralization

A

IAP < KSP

27
Q

IAP and KSP Relationship in remineralization

A

IAP > KSP

28
Q

if IAP > KSP

A

Remineralization; the solution is super saturated with respect to the mineral and mineral formation occurs

29
Q

How to determine IAP

A

simplify the chemical formula of hydroxy apatite and then multiply the compounds out

30
Q

Critical pH

A

pH at which a supersaturated solution becomes just saturated with respect to the mineral (5.5 for HA), below this demineralization occurs

31
Q

Why is enamel solubility affected by acid

A

The solubility of CaP is affected by pH of water…. more H+ ions react with PO4 and OH causing a shift in the equilibrium to favor dentin

32
Q

Common Ion Effect and Examples

A

Excess of ion in soln requires less in soln to attain the KSP (equilibrium at certain pH) —Hence Ca and P in solution will reduce amount of HA dissolving as will doubling the OH (greater effect on IAP)

33
Q

Things that reduce demineralization in acidic environments

A

Ca and P or Doubling OH has an even better effect on the IAP

34
Q

Four Most common types of apatite crystals that compose enamel (in order from most to least soluble)

A

Carbonated HA (CAP)
Hydroxy AP
Flourapatite
Flourohydroxapatite

35
Q

Highest concentration crystal type in newly erupted enamel

A

CAP

36
Q

Solubilities of the apatite types

A

CAP > HAP > FAP > FHAP

37
Q

Smaller or Larger KSP good? Thus CAP has a small or low KSP?

A

Small is good so CAP&raquo_space;> FHAP

38
Q

When net IAP ____ KSP remineralization happens and tooth becomes more acid resistant (matures)

A

IAP > KSP (remin)

39
Q

If acid remains at or below critical pH HAP is more stable than CAP, HAP will….

A

be reformed over CAP and the outer enamel of the tooth will become more resistant to future mildly acidic challenges

40
Q

when CAP or HAP dissolve in solution with Flouride in it

A

The solution is then supersaturated and results in the formation of FAP and FHAP

41
Q

Morphology of newly precipitated crystals

A

small and contain many defects causing them to be more soluble

42
Q

Overtime newly formed crystals tend to….. ?

A

reform and grow to reach their maximum size-this is referred to as Ostwalt ripening

43
Q

Ostwalt ripening

A

Where newly formed crystals reform and grow to reach their maximum size

44
Q

When amount of acid is not controlled and pH remains below 4.8

A

continous enamel dissolution will result with very little demineralization and nothing can be done for these patients

45
Q

What keeps teeth from over remineralizing to the point of present crystals

A

crystal growth is very susceptible to poisoning by various substances

46
Q

Crystal growth inhibitors on plaque free teeth include

A

salivary proteins such as tyrosine rich peptides, staherin, and various proline rich proteins coating the enamel surface which make up the pellicle

47
Q

pellicle

A

proteins that coat the enamel surface

48
Q

On plaque covered teeth what inhibits growth of crystals?

A

lowered pH, if pH raises above critical pH then calculus will form

49
Q

When calculus forms

A

When Teeth are plaque covered and pH rises above critical pH

50
Q

When is more flouride taken up? Think pedo

A

When the teeth have plaque, this is because of the equilibrium I guess

51
Q

Critical pH of HA

A

5.5

Foundations 2 Exam 1 (12 decks)

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