cardiovscular system Flashcards
1
Q
Heart
Card/o, cardi/o
A
receives blood from the veins and
pumps blood into the arteries
2
Q
Blood Vessels
angi/o, vas/o
A
Transport blood to and
from all areas of the body
3
Q
Arteries
arteri/o
A
Transport blood AWAY FROM the heart to all parts of the body
4
Q
Capillaries
capill/o
A
Permit the exchange of nutrients
and waste products between the blood
and the cells
5
Q
veins
phleb/o, ven/o
A
RETURN blood from all body parts to the heart
6
Q
Blood
hem/o, hemat/o
A
BRINGS oxygen and nutrients to the cells
and carries away waste
7
Q
angi/o
A
blood or lymph vessel
8
Q
aort/o
A
aorta
9
Q
arteri/o
A
artery
10
Q
ather/o
A
plaque, fatty substance
11
Q
brady-
A
slow
12
Q
cardi/o
A
heart
13
Q
-crasia
A
a mixture or blending
14
Q
-emia
A
blood, blood condition
15
Q
erythr/o
A
red
16
Q
hem/o, hemat/o
A
blood, relating to the blood
17
Q
leuk/o
A
white
18
Q
phleb/o
A
vein
19
Q
tachy-
A
fast, rapid
20
Q
thromb/o
A
clot
21
Q
ven/o
A
vein
22
Q
ACE inhibitor
A
Blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension
23
Q
anemia
A
a lower than normal number of erythrocytes(red blood cells) in the blood
24
Q
aneurysm
A
a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery
25
angina
a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
26
angioplasty
the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel
27
anticoagulant
medication that slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
28
aplastic anemia
a condition characterized by the absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
29
arrhythmia
the loss of the normal rythm of the heartbeat
30
artherectomy
surgical removeal of plaque buildup from the interior lining of an artery
31
atheroma
a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
32
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
33
atrial fibrillation
when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall
34
automated external defibrillator
electronic equipment that automatically samples the heart's electrical rhythms and when necessary, externally shocks the heart to restore a normal cardiac rythm
35
beta-blocker
a medication that reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat
36
blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
37
bradycardia
an abnormally slow resting heart rate
38
cardia arrest
an event in which the heart abruptly stops beatinf or develops an arrythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively
39
cardiac catheterization
a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or an artery and is guided into the heart
40
cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
41
carotid endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of a portion of clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
42
cholesterol
a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
43
chronic venous insufficiency
a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
44
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces blood supply to the heart muscle
45
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
46
defibrillation
the use fo electrical shock to restore the hearts normal rythm; also known as cardioversion
47
diuretic
medication administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
48
electrocardiogram
a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
49
embolism
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
50
embolus
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood
51
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
52
erythrocytes
mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow
53
hemoglobin
the oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment of the erythocytes
54
gemolytic anemia
a condition of an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of these cells by the spleen
55
hemostasis
to stop or control bleeding
56
leukemia
a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood
57
leukocytes
white blood cells that are involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances
58
leukopenia
a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood
59
megaloblastic anemia
a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which red blood cells are larger than normal
60
myelodysplastic syndrome
a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow
61
myocardial infarction
the occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup; commonly known as a heart attack
62
orthostatic hypotension
low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up; also known as postural hypotension
63
pericardium
the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
64
pernicious anemia
a form of anemia caused by a lack of the protein that helps the body absorb vitamin B12, which is necessary for the formation of red blood cells.
65
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
66
raynaud's disease
a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
67
sepsis
a potentially life-threatening infection that results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream
68
sickel cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape that interferes with normal blood flow
69
tachycardia
an abnormally rapid resting heart rate
70
temporal arteritis
a form of vasculitis that can cause headaches visual impairment, jaw pain, and other symptoms
71
thallium stress test
a diagnostic test performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise
72
thrombocytopenia
a condidtion in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood
73
thrombolytic
medication that dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up; also known as a clot-busting drug
74
thrombosis
the abnormal condition of having a thrombus
75
thrombotic occlusion
the blocking of an artery by a thrombus
76
thrombus
a blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or an artery
77
transfusion reaction
a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient's blood and the donated blood do not match
78
valvulitis
inflammation of a heart valve
79
varicose veins
abnormally swollen veins, usually occurring in the superficial veins of the legs
80
ventricular fibrillation
the rapid irregular, and useless contraction of the ventricles
81
ventricular tachycardia
a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
82
cardiovascular system
consists of the:
heart
blood vessels
and blood
83
apex
is the lower tip of the heart
84
pericardium
pericardial sac
double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart
(peri-means surrounding, cardi means heart, and -um is a sigular noun ending)
85
visceral pericardium
is the inner layer of the pericardium that also forms the outer layer of the heart. When referred to as the outer layer of the heart, it is known as the epicarduium
86
pericardial fluid
found between these two layers(parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium), where it acts as a lubrican to prevent friction as the heart beats
87
Wall of the heart
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
88
epicardium
is the external layer of the heart and inner layer of the pericardium
89
myocardium
is the middle and thickest of the heart's three layers. also known as myocardial muscle, this consists of specialezed cardiac muscle tissue capable of constant contractioon and relaxation that creates the pumping movement necessary to maintain flow of blood throughout the body
90
endocardium
consists of pithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart. this is the surface that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped through the heart
91
chambers of the heart
atria (singular form is atrium)
ventricles
92
atria
two upper chambers of the heart, divided by the interatrial septum(wall that separates two chanbers) Are the receiving chambers, all blood enters the heart through these chambers
93
ventricles
two lower chambers of the heart, divided by the interventricular septum
Walls are thicker because they pump blood throughout the entire body
94
Four Heart Valves
tricuspid
pulmonary semilunar valve
mitral valve
aortic semilunar valve
95
tricuspid valve
controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
means having three points, and describes the shape of this valve
96
pulmonary semilunar valve
located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
means pertaining to the lungs and half-moon, this valve is shaped like a half-moon
97
mitral valve
located between the left atrium and left ventricle
means shaped like a bishop's mitre(hat)'this valve is also known as the bicuspid valve because it has two cusps(points) which describes the shape of this valve
98
aortic semilunar valve
is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
meaning half-moon which describes the shape of this valve
99
Oxygenated
oxygen rich or containing an adequate supply of oxygen
100
deoxygenated
oxygen poor or not yet containing an adequate supply of oxygen
101
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood only between the heart and lungs
102
pulmonary arteries
carry deozygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs
ONLY place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins
103
pulmonary veins
carry oxygnated blood from lungs to the left atrium of the heart
ONLY place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood
104
systemic circulation
flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs
105
heartbeat
ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body
106
electrical umpulses
nerves that stimulate the myocardium of the chambers of the heart
107
conduction system
electrical umpulses controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node,
atrioventricular (AV) node
and the budle of His
108
Sinoatrial node
SA node
located in the posteriour wall of right atrium near superiour vena cava
establises basic rythm and rate of hearbeat (natural pacemaker)
starts each wave of muscle contraction in the heart
impulse in the right atrium spreads over the muscles of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously, forcing blood into the ventricles
109
atrioventricular node
AV node
located on the floor of the right atrium jnear the interial septum
transmits the electical impulses onward to the bundle of His
110
Bundle of His
is a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum
carry an electical impulse to ensure sequence of the heart contractions
travel onward to the right and left ventricles and the purkinje fibers
111
Purkinje fibers
specialezed conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles
named for Jan Purkyne
relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles and this stimulation causes the ventricles to contract forcing blood out of the heart into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
112
sinus rhythm
refers to the normal beating of the heart
113
P wave
contraction of the atria
114
qrs complex
contraction of the ventricles
115
T wave
relaxation of the ventricles
116
arteries
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
117
endarterial
means within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery
118
arterial blood
bright red in color because it is ozygen rich
119
aorta
largest blood vessel in the body
120
carotid arteries
major arteries thta carry blood upward to the head
121
common carotid artery
located on each side of the neck
122
internal carotid artery
brings oxygen-rich blood to the brain
123
external carotid artery
brings blood to the face
124
arterioles
smaller, thinner branches that deliver blood to the capillaries
125
capillaries
one epithelia cell in thickness
smallest blood vessels in the body
important role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of tissues
126
venules
smallest veins that join to form larger veins
127
venous
means relating to or contained in the veins
128
superficial veins
are located near the body surface
129
deep veins
are located within the tissues and away from the body surface
130
venae cavae
are the two largest veins in the body
return blood into the heart
131
superior vena cava
transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart
132
inferior vena cava
transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart
133
Pulse
the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart
134
blood pressure
measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries.
135
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contract, highest pressure against the walls of an artery
136
diastolic pressure
which occurs when the ventricles are relaxed is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
137
plasma
straw-colored fluid containing nutrients, hormones and waste products
91% water
9% proteins including clotting proteins
138
serum
plasma fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed
139
fibrinogen and prothrombin
clotting proteins found in plasma
control bleeding
140
Blood Types
A, AB, B and O
141
Blood Gases
oxygen, cargon dioxide, nitrogen
