Cardiovascularrespiratory Flashcards
What do medusae veins on chest indicate?
They are bulging vein that look like snakes (medusae) that can indicate vena cava syndrome
What are heaves?
When palpating the chest where the heart is, if you hand lifts with each heart beat then it’s called heaves
What are thrills?
When palpating the chest where the heart is you will feel a palpable murmer
What do heaves indicate?
Right ventricular enlargement
Rarely left atrial enlargement
when should you auscultate heart sounds?
syncope
dizziness on exertion
heart failure
?endocarditis
connective tissue diseases (marfans)
Where is the tricuspid valve?
Between R atrium and R ventricle
What is the function of the tricuspid valve?
During ventricular contraction it prevents blood from returning to R atrium
Where is the pulmonary valve?
At the entrance to the pulmonary trunk
What is the function of the pulmonary valve?
During ventricular relaxation it prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle
Where is the mitral valve?
Between L atrium and L ventricle
What is the function of the mitral valve
During ventricular contraction it prevents blood from returning to the L atrium
Where is the aortic valve?
Entrance to the aorta
What is the function of the aortic valve?
During ventricular relaxation it prevents blood returning to the L ventricle
What is an S4 heart sound?
Always pathological, caused by the left atria forcing blood into a thickened left ventricle
Where would you auscultate the heart valves?
Aortic - 2nd intercostal space right of the sternum
Pulmonary - 2nd intercostal space left of the sternum
Tricuspid - 4th intercostal space left of sternal border
Mitral - 5th intercostal space left of sternal border, mid clavicular line
Where would you find erbs point and what is it?
3rd intercostal space on the left sternal border.
Erb’s point is where you can hear both the aortic and pulmonic valve sounds equally well
What is the mechanism behind an S1 heart sound?
It marks the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves) as the ventricles begin to contract (start of systole). The “lub” sound.
Where are the S1,S2,S3,S4 heart sounds on an ECG
S1: Just after the QRS complex (onset of ventricular systole)
S2: After the T wave (end of systole, beginning of diastole)
S3: After the T wave (early diastole)
S4: Before the P wave (late diastole, during atrial contraction)
What is the mechanism behind an S2 heart sound?
It marks the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves) as the ventricles relax (end of systole). The “dub” sound.
What is the mechanism behind an S3 heart sound?
This sound is caused by the rapid flow of blood into a compliant, dilated ventricle. It’s often heard in conditions like heart failure or in young, healthy individuals (physiologic S3).
What is the mechanism behind an S4 heart sound?
This sound is associated with atrial contraction, as the atria push blood into a stiff, non-compliant ventricle. It’s typically heard in conditions like left ventricular hypertrophy or ischemia.
