Cardiovascularrespiratory

Question 1

What do medusae veins on chest indicate?

Answer 1

They are bulging vein that look like snakes (medusae) that can indicate vena cava syndrome

Question 2

What are heaves?

Answer 2

When palpating the chest where the heart is, if you hand lifts with each heart beat then it’s called heaves

Question 3

What are thrills?

Answer 3

When palpating the chest where the heart is you will feel a palpable murmer

Question 4

What do heaves indicate?

Answer 4

Right ventricular enlargement

Rarely left atrial enlargement

Question 5

when should you auscultate heart sounds?

Answer 5

syncope
dizziness on exertion
heart failure
?endocarditis
connective tissue diseases (marfans)

Question 6

Where is the tricuspid valve?

Answer 6

Between R atrium and R ventricle

Question 7

What is the function of the tricuspid valve?

Answer 7

During ventricular contraction it prevents blood from returning to R atrium

Question 8

Where is the pulmonary valve?

Answer 8

At the entrance to the pulmonary trunk

Question 9

What is the function of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 9

During ventricular relaxation it prevents blood from returning to the right ventricle

Question 10

Where is the mitral valve?

Answer 10

Between L atrium and L ventricle

Question 11

What is the function of the mitral valve

Answer 11

During ventricular contraction it prevents blood from returning to the L atrium

Question 12

Where is the aortic valve?

Answer 12

Entrance to the aorta

Question 13

What is the function of the aortic valve?

Answer 13

During ventricular relaxation it prevents blood returning to the L ventricle

Question 14

What is an S4 heart sound?

Answer 14

Always pathological, caused by the left atria forcing blood into a thickened left ventricle

Question 15

Where would you auscultate the heart valves?

Answer 15

Aortic - 2nd intercostal space right of the sternum
Pulmonary - 2nd intercostal space left of the sternum
Tricuspid - 4th intercostal space left of sternal border
Mitral - 5th intercostal space left of sternal border, mid clavicular line

Question 16

Where would you find erbs point and what is it?

Answer 16

3rd intercostal space on the left sternal border.

Erb’s point is where you can hear both the aortic and pulmonic valve sounds equally well

Question 17

What is the mechanism behind an S1 heart sound?

Answer 17

It marks the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves) as the ventricles begin to contract (start of systole). The “lub” sound.

Question 17

Where are the S1,S2,S3,S4 heart sounds on an ECG

Answer 17

S1: Just after the QRS complex (onset of ventricular systole)
S2: After the T wave (end of systole, beginning of diastole)
S3: After the T wave (early diastole)
S4: Before the P wave (late diastole, during atrial contraction)

Question 18

What is the mechanism behind an S2 heart sound?

Answer 18

It marks the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves) as the ventricles relax (end of systole). The “dub” sound.

Question 19

What is the mechanism behind an S3 heart sound?

Answer 19

This sound is caused by the rapid flow of blood into a compliant, dilated ventricle. It’s often heard in conditions like heart failure or in young, healthy individuals (physiologic S3).

Question 20

What is the mechanism behind an S4 heart sound?

Answer 20

This sound is associated with atrial contraction, as the atria push blood into a stiff, non-compliant ventricle. It’s typically heard in conditions like left ventricular hypertrophy or ischemia.