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MAP II Midterm > Cardiovascular system: The Heart > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shortest circulation in the body?

A

coronary circulation

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2
Q

Pericardial cavity is made up of what membrane coverings?

A

fibrous and serious (parietal and visceral pericardium)

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3
Q

Heart wall has how many layers?

A

3

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4
Q

What are the 2 blood flow circuits?

A
  • pulmonary circuits

- systemic circuits

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5
Q

What arteries provide blood to the heart tissue?

A

coronary arteries

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6
Q

What are known as communication pathways of the heart?

A

gap junctions

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7
Q

Similarities of cardiac and skeletal muscle mechanism of contraction?

A
  • striated - myosin/actin mechanism

- T-tubule mechanism - acting on sarcoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Differences of cardiac and skeletal muscle mechanism of contraction?

A
  • cardiac muscle has a direct diffusion of Ca++
  • cardiac muscle AP plateaus (resulting in a much longer time of contraction than skeletal muscle)
  • cardiac muscle strength of contraction is dependent on extracellular Ca++
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9
Q

What is the main reason for why the heart continues to beat?

A
  • calcium leaking out of the t-tubules
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10
Q

The more _______ present, the ________ the heart will contract.

A

The more calcium present, the harder the heart will contract.

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11
Q

Is the ability of cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

intrinsic

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12
Q

5 components of the intrinsic conduction system?

A
  • SA node
  • intermodal pathways
  • AV node
  • AV bundle
  • left and right bundle branches of purkinjie fibers
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13
Q

Features of the SA node?

A
  • smaller diameter muscle fibers
  • almost no contractile muscle fibers
  • connect directly with atrial muscle fibers
  • cell membranes naturally “leaky” to Na+ and Ca++ (less negative resting membrane potential)
  • self-excitation
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14
Q

What causes the depolarization of the SA node?

A

the opening of the fast calcium channels once threshold is hit

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15
Q

How is the cardiac impulse recorded?

A

1) SA node generates impulse; atrial excitation begins
2) impulse delayed at AV node
3) impulse passes to heart apex; ventricular excitation begins
4) ventricular excitation complete

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16
Q

What does the p wave represent?

A

atrial depolarization

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17
Q

What does the QRS wave represent?

A

ventricular depolarization

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18
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

ventricular repolarization

19
Q

What does one cardiac cycle consist of?

A

events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

20
Q

What is known as the amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole?

A

end diastolic volume

21
Q

What is know as the amount of blood left in the ventricle after it pumps it out?

A

end systolic volume

22
Q

What is known as the period of relaxation, the heart filling with blood?

A

diastole

23
Q

What is known as the contraction period, the heart ejecting blood?

A

systole

24
Q

What is known as the fraction of blood being pushed out of the left ventricle into the body?

A

Ejection fraction - fraction of EDV ejected

25
Q

atrial pressure changes are caused by what?

A

the backflow from the atria into the veins while the AV valves are closed

26
Q

atrial contraction usually causes how much additional ventricle filling?

A

20%

27
Q

atrial pressure changes during atrial contraction?

A

a wave

28
Q

atrial pressure changes at the onset of ventricular contraction?

A

c wave

29
Q

atrial pressure changes at the end of ventricular contraction?

A

v wave

30
Q

What is known as the AV valves opening due to a build up of pressure in the atria causing a period of rapid filling of the ventricles?

A

ventricular filling

31
Q

What is the period in which the AV valves are closed but the semilunar valves are not open yet? (the pressure continues to build but the volume remains the same)

A

period of isovolumic contraction

32
Q

What is the period in which the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax into diastole?

A

period of isovolumic contraction

33
Q

What is known as the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle is filled? (the amount of tension on the muscle when it begins to contract - right before ejection)

A

preload

34
Q

What is known as the pressure in the artery leading from the ventricle? (load against which the muscle exerts its contractile force - the amount of pressure needed to overcome to get the blood to the body)

A

afterload

35
Q

Where is energy for the cardiac contraction primarily derived from?

A

energy derived primarily from oxidative metabolism of fatty acids (70-90%)
some lactate and glucose (10-30%)

36
Q

How much blood does the heart pump out per minute?

A

4-6 liters

37
Q

What controls the heart rate and strength of heart pumping?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

38
Q

What does the Frank-Starling Mechanism state?

A

intrinsic regulation – the heart automatically pumps incoming blood; amount of blood pumped determined primarily by rate of blood flow into heart

39
Q

the ______ volume that goes into the ventricle, the ______ the pressure, the ______ the contraction

A

more
higher
harder

40
Q

What controls the extrinsic regulation of the cardiac pump?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System – norepinephrine Parasympathetic Nervous System – acetylcholine

41
Q

What controls the cardioacceleratory center?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

What controls the cardioinhibitory center?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

43
Q

Parasympathetic fibers (inhibitory) use what nerve?

A

Vagus nerve (vagal tone)

44
Q

What happens when the vagal nerves are “disconnected”?

A

HR increases about 25 bpm almost immediately

MAP II Midterm (10 decks)

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