cardiovascular system structures exam 4

Question 1

what is the heart

Answer 1

an autorythmic pump, composed of three tissue layers and mostly cardiac muscle

Question 2

what is the structure of the heart

Answer 2

encased in a pericardial sac
has four chambers
separated by valves and a septum

Question 3

what are the four chambers of the heart

Answer 3

right and left ventricles

right and left atria

Question 4

draw diagram of the heart and label everything

and explain the different functions of the parts of the heart

Answer 4

on paper

Question 5

what are the different inputs to the heart

Answer 5

vena cava: receives O2 depleted blood from body at the right atrium
pulmonary veins: receive oxygenated blood from lungs at the left atrium
hormones and autonomic nerves

Question 6

what happens when ventricles contract strongly

Answer 6

1) send blood to the lungs from right ventricle via pulmonary artery
2) send blood to the whole body from the left ventricle via the aorta
3) send blood to the heart muscle via the coronary arteries and veins on surface of heart

Question 7

what are heart valves

Answer 7

since the heart receives oxygen depleted blood sending it to the lungs for gas exchange and then sending oxygenated blood to the body, there are valves that prevent the mixing of the two types of blood between chambers
keeps blood flowing in the right direction

Question 8

what do nodes and nodal tissue in the heart do

Answer 8

heart beat is dependent on nodal tissue

sinus nodes entrain the rest of the heart to beat in synchrony

Question 9

what happens when beat is interrupted

Answer 9

when conduction system of the impulses causing the beat is interrupted by heart attack, infection, aging; other areas beat independently causing heart arrhythmia

Question 10

what is the difference in the kind of blood that veins and arteries carry

Answer 10

veins carry low O2 blood
arteries carry high O2 blood
(except for pulmonary vein and artery)

Question 11

explain nodal tissues and electrophysiology

Answer 11

in nodal tissues the muscles contract by a series of changes to their membranes permeabilities to electrolytes
the signal arising in the SA node is conducted via special muscle tissues

Question 12

what are special muscle tissues

Answer 12

the bundle of fibers to the apex of the heart and to the ventricular epicardium

Question 13

how is heart output evaluated

Answer 13

by the pulse rate and by its stroke volume: essentially the volume of blood that the left ventricle actually pumps into the aorta

Question 14

where does demand on the heart come from

Answer 14

a variety of inputs:
exercise
changes in altitude
state of then psyche (fear, depression, etc)

Question 15

what are the physiological mechanisms of the cardiovascular system

Answer 15

barocepters, adrenal glands, autonomic nervous sytem

Question 16

what are some effects of heart disease

Answer 16

arrhythmias, coronary artery disease and angina, valvular disease, narcotic tissue= dead heart tissue

Question 17

what is the purpose of arteries

Answer 17

transport blood away from heart, almost always oxygenated

exception compromises pulmonary arteries that bring oxygen-depleted blood from right ventricle to the lungs

Question 18

what is the artery structure

Answer 18

endothelium
smooth muscle and elastic fiber
connective tissue

Question 19

what does the thick muscle of arteries allow for

Answer 19

the vessel to constrict, raising blood pressure
the vessel to relax, lowering blood pressure

this allows the CV system to respond to O2 and other needs

Question 20

what is the structure of capillaries and their functions

Answer 20

layer of endothelium only; can be opened or closed depending on body needs
capillaries are responsible for gas exchange and providing tissues with nutrients, hormones, etc

Question 21

what is the purpose of veins and their structure

Answer 21

three layered but with less muscle issue, have valves that work in conjunction with skeletal muscular contraction
veins return blood to heart but they are not under pressure from the heart like arteries are

Question 22

what does respiration help with

Answer 22

helps venous return

incompetent venous values are the cause of varicose veins

Question 23

what is the process of pulmonary circulation

Answer 23

1) right ventricle pumps blood via the pulmonary artery to the lungs
2) lung alveoli are air sacs surrounded by single cell endothelial-lined capillaries
3) blood from heart is oxygen depleted
4) simple diffusion down concentration gradients (oxygen into capillaries and CO2 into alveoli)

Question 24

what does the left atrium do

Answer 24

return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 25

what is systematic circulation

Answer 25

1) blood is pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta; this pumping must be strong enough to overcome peripheral resistance (the whole body)
2) gas exchange occurs in capillary beds

Question 26

what does the hepatic portal vein collect

Answer 26

capillaries in the digestive system which have picked up food (glucose, amino acids, lipids)

Question 27

what does the liver collect

Answer 27

glucose, storing it as glycogen, and also detoxifies some materials
blood leaving the liver enters the hepatic vein which drains to the inferior vena cava

Question 28

how does movement of materials work

Answer 28

1) arteriole end of capillary beds, blood pressure is higher than blood osmotic pressure: thus water and its dissolved materials leave the capillaries
2) as moved down a capillary , the BP drops so that gases and nutrients move down their concentration gradients

Question 29

what are some blood vessel diseases

Answer 29

hypertension, atherosclerosis and infarction, stroke, heart attack, and aneurysm

Question 30

what is aneurysm (draw on paper and explain)

Answer 30

on paper

Question 31

what is another name for a heart attack and what is a heart attack

Answer 31

a coronary

artery fills with plaque and oxygen and nutrients cannot get through