cardiovascular system exam 4 Flashcards
what are the major structures in the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels
what is the heart considered
muscular pump
what are the three kinds of blood vessels
arteries, capillaries, and veins
what are arteries function
distribute oxygenated blood
what are capillaries function
distribute oxygenated blood to all the local parts of body and collect waste materials
what are veins function
deliver oxygen depleted blood to heart for removal of CO2 and collecting O2 for delivery
what are the major functions of the cardiovascular system
maintains homeostasis
provide O2 and nutrients to all systems and places
transports waste to excretory systems
provide many elements of immune system and serve as vehicles for delivering certain immune responses
what is blood
complex tissue
plasma is the liquid phase, consisting of 91% water with many dissolved materials
what are the three kinds of cells in blood and their purpose
red: gas transport
white: immunity
platelets: clotting
what are the proteins in plasma and their purpose
albumin: for osmotic balance with cells
fibrinogens: for clotting
lipoproteins: transport of lipids
specific transport proteins (ferritin transports iron)
hormones
globulins (transport and immune antibodies)
show the pressure differences in blood vessels
on paper
how does blood maintain homeostasis
1) proteins and electrolytes maintain blood osmotic pressure
2) electrolytes (bicarbonate) maintain blood pH around 7.4 and maintain function of proteins and kidneys
3) transports heat and involved in heat loss
what is the structure of red blood cells
biconcave disks lacking a nucleus and most organelles has hemoglobin (iron containing molecule) that binds and transports O2 and CO2
when O2 binds what is it called
oxyhemoglobin
explain carbon dioxide transfer
carbonic anhydrase catalyzes it
affected by changes in pH and serves to buffer the blood
H+ binds to hemoglobin to maintain blood pH
where are red blood cells made and what happens as they mature
bone marrow from precursor cells
as they mature they lose their nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles
RBCs vs WBCs in numbers
RBC > WBC
4-6 x 10^6 per mm of blood RBC
7000-11000 per mm of blood WBC
what can and cant red blood cells do
how long do RBCs live
what phagocytozes RBCs
can: perform anaerobic respiration
cannot: replenish and repair
120 days
macrophages in liver and spleen
what happens to globin, iron, and heme in RBCs
globin: catabolized to amino acids
iron: recycled
heme: degraded
what happens in anemia
the body does not maintain optimal amount of RBCs and hemoglobin
how can more RBCs be made
kidney and liver can produce erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow to make more RBCs
what are the diseases affecting RBCs
polycythemia vera (too many RBCs) anemia (too little RBCs) ex of anemia: hemorrhage, deficient erythropoiesis, iron deficiency, renal disease, B12 deficiency, hemolysis
what are white blood cells
part of the immune system that monitors attacks and eliminates foreign invaders
what are the ways WBCs attack foreign invaders (3 ways)
1) phagocytosis of the invaders and release of lysosomal enzymes to destroy bacteria
2) generation of antibodies which attach to antigens on the surface of the bacteria, calling in phagocytosing WBCs
3) NK cells can lyse or cause cell death (apoptosis)
