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BI110 > cardiovascular system exam 4 > Flashcards

cardiovascular system exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the major structures in the cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

what is the heart considered

A

muscular pump

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3
Q

what are the three kinds of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries, and veins

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4
Q

what are arteries function

A

distribute oxygenated blood

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5
Q

what are capillaries function

A

distribute oxygenated blood to all the local parts of body and collect waste materials

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6
Q

what are veins function

A

deliver oxygen depleted blood to heart for removal of CO2 and collecting O2 for delivery

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7
Q

what are the major functions of the cardiovascular system

A

maintains homeostasis
provide O2 and nutrients to all systems and places
transports waste to excretory systems
provide many elements of immune system and serve as vehicles for delivering certain immune responses

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8
Q

what is blood

A

complex tissue

plasma is the liquid phase, consisting of 91% water with many dissolved materials

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9
Q

what are the three kinds of cells in blood and their purpose

A

red: gas transport
white: immunity
platelets: clotting

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10
Q

what are the proteins in plasma and their purpose

A

albumin: for osmotic balance with cells
fibrinogens: for clotting
lipoproteins: transport of lipids
specific transport proteins (ferritin transports iron)
hormones
globulins (transport and immune antibodies)

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11
Q

show the pressure differences in blood vessels

A

on paper

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12
Q

how does blood maintain homeostasis

A

1) proteins and electrolytes maintain blood osmotic pressure
2) electrolytes (bicarbonate) maintain blood pH around 7.4 and maintain function of proteins and kidneys
3) transports heat and involved in heat loss

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13
Q

what is the structure of red blood cells

A 
biconcave disks lacking a nucleus and most organelles 
has hemoglobin (iron containing molecule) that binds and transports O2 and CO2
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14
Q

when O2 binds what is it called

A

oxyhemoglobin

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15
Q

explain carbon dioxide transfer

A

carbonic anhydrase catalyzes it
affected by changes in pH and serves to buffer the blood
H+ binds to hemoglobin to maintain blood pH

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16
Q

where are red blood cells made and what happens as they mature

A

bone marrow from precursor cells

as they mature they lose their nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles

17
Q

RBCs vs WBCs in numbers

A

RBC > WBC
4-6 x 10^6 per mm of blood RBC
7000-11000 per mm of blood WBC

18
Q

what can and cant red blood cells do

how long do RBCs live

what phagocytozes RBCs

A

can: perform anaerobic respiration
cannot: replenish and repair

120 days

macrophages in liver and spleen

19
Q

what happens to globin, iron, and heme in RBCs

A

globin: catabolized to amino acids
iron: recycled
heme: degraded

20
Q

what happens in anemia

A

the body does not maintain optimal amount of RBCs and hemoglobin

21
Q

how can more RBCs be made

A

kidney and liver can produce erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow to make more RBCs

22
Q

what are the diseases affecting RBCs

A 
polycythemia vera (too many RBCs)
anemia (too little RBCs)
ex of anemia: hemorrhage, deficient erythropoiesis, iron deficiency, renal disease, B12 deficiency, hemolysis
23
Q

what are white blood cells

A

part of the immune system that monitors attacks and eliminates foreign invaders

24
Q

what are the ways WBCs attack foreign invaders (3 ways)

A

1) phagocytosis of the invaders and release of lysosomal enzymes to destroy bacteria
2) generation of antibodies which attach to antigens on the surface of the bacteria, calling in phagocytosing WBCs
3) NK cells can lyse or cause cell death (apoptosis)

25
Q

what are the two main types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

26
Q

what are the types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

27
Q

what are neutrophils

A

first responders, phagocytosing bacteria

28
Q

what are eosinophils

A

attack parasitic worms and engulf allergens and proteins associated with inflammatory response

29
Q

what are basophils

A

release histamine, dilating blood vessels and constricting respiratory passages

30
Q

what are the types of agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

31
Q

what are monocytes

A

mature into Macrophages and dendritic cells in the skin

32
Q

what are lymphocytes and the two kinds

A

specific immunity
B lymphocytes: plasma cells produce antibodies
T lymphocytes: several kinds involved in so called cell-mediated immunity

33
Q

where do T cells (WBCs) come from

A

bone marrow, migrate to thymus where they mature

34
Q

where do B cells (WBCs) come from

A

in bone marrow
migrate to lymphoid tissue
when an antigen is recognized, become plasma cell
granulocytes also arise in bone marrow

BI110 (10 decks)

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