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pe mrR > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Path of blood through the heart

A

DeOxygenated blood to right atrium via inferior/superior cava
DeO2 blood through tricuspid valve
DeO2 blood through pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve
Blood then taken to lungs to get oxygen
Oxygen diffuses into hb
Pulmonary vein takes oxygenated blood to left atrium
Transported by bicuspid valve to left ventricle
O2 blood through aorta to body
Oxygenated blood then used up and becomes deoxygenated in body
Back to start

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2
Q

Heart

A

Located in thoracic cavity

Atrium and ventricle

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3
Q

Chambers of heart

A

Septum divided them
Atrium and ventricle
Right chamber- deoxygenated blood
Left chamber- oxygenated blood

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4
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Right AV

shuts when chamber filling to stop blood into right ventricle

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5
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Stops blood leaking into left ventricle

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6
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Prevents blood going to lungs to soon

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7
Q

Aortic valve

A

Prevents blood going to body to soon

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8
Q

Superior inferior vena cava

A

Transports deoxygenated blood to right atrium

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9
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Takes blood away from right ventricle to lungs

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10
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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11
Q

Aorta

A

Oxygenated blood from left ventricle to rest of body

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12
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Left and right branches from aorta encircle and supply heart and muscles with oxygen and glucose

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13
Q

Coronary veins

A

Alongside the coronary arteries, drain deoxygenated blood directly back into right atrium via coronary sinus

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14
Q

Conduction system

A

Set of structures in cardiac muscle which creates and transmits an electrical impulse forcing Atria and ventricle to contract

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15
Q

Conduction system process

A

SA node sends an electrical impulse through atrea causing contraction
AV node delays passage of signal to allow atrea to contract 1st
Receives signal from SA node and passes down bundle of his
Bundle of his splits the signal down 2 branches
The purkyne fibres distribute the impulse through the ventricle walls causing them to contract

Once process over, all contracts And heart fills with blood

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16
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Cardiac muscle contraction and of blood through chambers

One complete cardiac cycle reps sequence of events involved in single heartbeat

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17
Q

Diastole

A

Filling stage
Atria and ventricles relax - draw blood onto atria
Pressure in atria increase opens AV Valves
Blood enters ventricles
SL valves closed to prevent blood leaving heart

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18
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atria contract

Forces remaining blood into ventricles

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19
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract
Increasing pressure closing AV to prevent back flow to atria
SL valves are forced open as blood ejected from ventricles into aorta and pulmonary artery

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20
Q

Conduction

-no electrical impulse

A

Diastole
Heart relaxes
Blood drawn into atria
All valves open slightly to allow ventricular filling

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21
Q

Conduction

-signal sent from SA node across atrea

A

Aerial systole
Atrea contracts
Blood forced into ventricles

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22
Q

Conduction

-AV Node passes signal to bundle of his

A

Ventricular systole
Ventricles contracts
Ventricles contract
Force aortic/pulmonary valve open blood to lungs

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23
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of times the heart beats (cardiac cycles) per min

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24
Q

Calculate HR

A

220-age = max HR

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25
Q

Bradycardia

A

Having heart rate below 60bpm

Larger stroke volume
Regularly train build extra strong heart walls
Adaptation know as left ventricular hypertrophic

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26
Q

Impact on health and aerobic performance

A

Heart pumps oxygen and blood in bigger amounts phb
Reach muscles quicker
More capillaries oxygen
Reduce chance of cardiovascular disease

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27
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume = stroke volume
Untrained- 70ml @ rest
Trained - 100ml @ rest
Higher as more blood with each contraction

28
Q

Venous return

A

Volume of blood returning to the heart

29
Q

Cardiac output

A

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per min

30
Q

Sub maximal work

A

Low intensity work
Meet o2 demands
Aerobic

31
Q

Maximal

A

High intensity work
Anaerobic
O2 demands aren’t met

32
Q

Sub maximal exercise heart rate

A 
1) anticipatory rise
Heart rate increase due to adrenaline
2) rapid increase
Meet o2 demand
3)steady state/plateau
O2 demands met, level off
4) demand for o2 much lower
5) HR return to resting levels when body totally recovered
33
Q

Maximal exercise heart rate

A

1) anticipatory rise
2) meet o2 demands rapidly
3)rate of increase decreases, heart has to fill more to meet o2 demands
4) recovery longer
Body built up huge o2 debt

34
Q

Frank starling mechanism

A

More blood returned to hear greater stretch on the heart wall meaning stronger contraction

35
Q

Increased venous return

A

More blood returning to heart more gets squeezed out

36
Q

Stroke volume maximal exercise

A

Untrained- 100-120ml
Trained- 160-200ml
Trained have bigger hearts

37
Q

Ccc

Cardiac control centre

A

Controls heart rate
Located in medulla oblongata Controlled by automatic nervous system ANS and it stimulates the SA node in order to regulate heart rate.

38
Q

Control mechanisms controlling heart rate

A

Neural control

  • proprioceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • baroreceptors

Intrinsic control

  • temp
  • venous return

Hormonal control
-adrenaline

39
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Detects movement

Signal sent to medulla oblongata

40
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detects chemicals
Lactic acid
Located in aorta and carotid artery

41
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detect increase in blood pressure

Placated in arterial wallss

42
Q

Temperature

A

Change the viscosity of blood
Speeds up nerve transmission
Hangs stretch in ventricle walls
Impact on force of ventricular contraction me stroke volume

43
Q

Adrenaline

A

Stimulates SA node
Secreted from arterial glands
Increase stroke volume

44
Q

Exercise to increase HR

A

-Proprioceptors- detect movement
-Chemoreceptors- LA & PCO2 increase
All info back to CCC
Decrease in o2 and PO2
-baroreceptors
Pressure increased tries to slow HR
need for o2 overrides it
-temp- increased , info sent to CCC, viscosity decreases
-Venus return- increases
- adrenaline - SA node stimulated

45
Q

Recovery to decrease HR

A
  • Proprioceptors- detect decrease in moment
  • Chemoreceptors- LA & PCO2 decrease, increase in PO2
  • baroreceptors- BP drops
  • Temp- decrease, viscosity increases
  • Venus return- decrease , info sent to CCC to slow it down
  • adrenaline - Resuced, info back to CCC
46
Q

Venous return mechanism

A 
Pocket valves
Muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Smooth muscle
Gravity
47
Q

Muscle pump

A

Muscles contract

Squeeze vein and force blood up through valves

48
Q

Gravity

A

Blood above heart

Gravity brings it back down to heart

49
Q

Respiratory pump

A

Changes in pressure in thoracic cavity when breathing

Squeezing effect on veins

50
Q

Blood pooling

A

Occurs when walls and valves of veins don’t work effectively making it difficult for blood to return to heart

51
Q

Artery

A

Thick middle smooth layer of muscle
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation

52
Q

Arterioles

A 
Smaller arteries
Thick layer
Pre capillary sphincter
Helps direct blood flow to where it's needed
Vascular shunt
53
Q

Capillaries

A

1 cell thick
Endothelia cells
Gaseous exchange of gas/nutrients

54
Q

Venules

A

Smaller veins
Thin smooth middle layer muscle
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction

55
Q

Veins

A

Think smooth layer of muscle
Pocket valves
Allow blood flow in one direction to heart

56
Q

Vasomotor control centre

VCC

A

Controls vascular shunt

Sends signals to blood vessels

57
Q

Change in blood flow from rest to exercise

A

More oxygenated blood to muscle during exercise

58
Q

Pre capillary sphincter

A

Band of smooth muscle

Adjusts blood flow into capillaries

59
Q

What happens to blood flow during exercise

A

Pre capillary sphincter close so there is reduction in blood flow

60
Q

What structures made that change happen

A

Pre capillary sphincter think they’re open so they use vasoconstriction to close blood supply off

61
Q

Sympathetic stimulator

A

VCC alters the level is stimulation sent to the arterioles and PCS at different sites in the body

62
Q

Receptors for VCC

A

Chemoreceptors

Baroreceptors

63
Q

Increased sympathetic stimulation

A

Close pcs
Makes muscle harder and construct
Redirects blood away from where it’s not needed
Blood flow reduces

64
Q

Decreases sympathetic stimulation

A

Decreases stimulation opens pcs
Muscle softer and dilated
Vasodilation of pcs

65
Q

Sympathetic stimulation during rest

A

Chemoreceptors tell VCC o2 and PH steady
No change from baroreceptors

Increasing blood flow to organs
Decreases SS
pcs open relaxes

Decreasing blood flow to muscles
Increased SS
Pcs closes

66
Q

Sympathetic stimulation during exercise

A

Chemo- increase in LA and CO2, decrease in PH and O2
Baro- BP Increase

Decrease blood flow to organs
Increase SA
Pcs vasoconstriction

Increase blood flow to muscles
Decrease SS
pcs dilates

pe mrR (11 decks)

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