Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Third heart sounds (S3)
vibration and resistance to early filling into the ventricles (occurs immediately after S2)
Fourth heart sounds (S4)
Occurs at the end of diastole (pre-systole) just before S1
Murmurs caused by
Structural defects
Blood velocity increased
Blood viscosity decreased
Functional murmurs can be onset due to
Pregnancy
Anemia
Hypothyroidism
Apical pulse and carotid pulse should be the _______
Same
S1 is the same is a the _____ _____
Carotid pulse
Bruit
Auscultate (swishing)
Thrill
Palpate (purring)
Foramen ovale
In fetal development, this shunts blood into the atria septum
At birth _____ ______ closes and _____ lowers in the right side of the heart
Foramen Ovale
Pressure
Heart position in an infant
more horizontal, apex is higher, in the 4th LIC
Blood volume during 2nd trimester increases by __-__%
30-40%
During pregnancy pulse increases __-__ BPM
10-15 BPM
Ectopic beats are _____ and _____ with age
Asymptomatic and common
Blood pressure increases in the elderly because
vessels loose elasticity
Africans american and heart disease
they are more sensitive to salt and most HTN treatments are refractory (don’t work)
Cervical Spine nodes
drains head and neck
Axillary nodes
drains breasts and upper arms
Inguinal node
drains groin and lower extremity and anterior external gentile and abdominal wall
Epitropiclear node
drains antecubital area, drains hand (fingers 3,4,5) lower arm
Tonsils
Pharyngeal, adenoid, palatine, lingual
Children have ______ and _____ palpable lymphatics
Large and palpable
Enlarged _____ and abdominal _____ are common
Tonsils, pain
Vascular issues in pregnant female
uterus blocks vena cava, causes dependent edema, large varicosities of legs and vulva, and hemorrhoids)
Aging Adult
Arteriosclerosis (rigid vessels), enlargement of calves (DVT)
Reynauds Syndrome
episodes of changing of color of fingers related to cold, stress, symptoms of vibration, burning, throbbing pain
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged, tender lymph nodes
Lymphendema
Removal of lymph nodes, as with breast surgery, damage or radiation impedes drainage
Arterial symptoms of peripheral vascular disease
Intermittent claudication, deep muscle pain, chronic pain, cool bluish looking skin
Venous symptoms of peripheral vascular disease
Calf aching, tired, feeling full, edema, varicosities, weeping ulcers, chronic pain worse at end of night, aggravated by sitting, standing (for long time)
how to relieve symptoms of peripheral vascular disease
elevation of extremity, laying down
Chronic arterial insufficiency
Ischemic ulcer- a plaque build up due to arteriosclerosis
Symptoms of an ischemic ulcer
- coolness, pallor
- pain with walking
- diminished or absent pulses
- thin, shiny, hairless skin, thick nails
- ulcers, toes, metatarsal heads, heals, lateral ankles
Ischemic ulcers are associated with
diabetes, local neuropathy, local infection
Chronic venous insufficiency
Venous stasis ulcer
Symptoms of venous stasis ulcer
- follows DVT
- firm brawny edema
- coarse thick skin
- normal pulses, may be hard to locate dt edema
- brown pigmentation
- dermatitis
- ulcers located with malleolus bleeding
