Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Pathway of blood

Answer 1

1. Vena cava
2. Right atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Semi lunar valve
6. Pulmonary artery
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary vein
9. Left atrium
10. Bicuspid valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Semi lunar valve
13. Aorta
14. Heart - muscles/ body

Question 2

Pathway of the Cardiac impulse

Answer 2

1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)
2. Atrio ventricular node (AV node)
3. Bundle of HIS
4. Bundle branches
5. Perkinje fibres

Question 3

What is the SA node

Answer 3

The SA node is also known as the pacemaker, located in the right atrium.

Question 4

What is the AV node

Answer 4

Is an electrical relay situated between the atrium and ventricles.

Question 5

Describe diastole

Answer 5

When the heart fills with blood while relaxing

Question 6

Describe systole

Answer 6

When the heart empties while contracting

Question 7

Stroke volume (SV)

Answer 7

The amount of blood ejected out of the left ventricle per beat.
- Resting - 85ml
- Sub maximal - 160-200ml
- maximal - 160-200ml

Question 8

Heart rate (HR)

Answer 8

The number of beats per minute.
- resting - 60-80bpm
- sub maximal - 80-120bpm

Question 9

Cardiac output (Q)

Answer 9

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute.
SV X HR = Q
- resting - 5L
- sub max - 15-20L
- max - 30-40L

Question 10

Chemoreceptors

Answer 10

• detect change in chemicals
  Decrease in pH
  Increase pp co2
  Decrease pp o2

Question 11

Proprioreceptors

Answer 11

Detects change in heart rate and stroke volume

Question 12

Baroreceptors

Answer 12

Detects increase in blood pressure and decrease heart rate

Question 13

Adrenaline

Answer 13

Increases heart rate and stroke volume

Question 14

Vascular shunt mechanism

Answer 14

The process of redistributing cardiac output

Question 15

Vascular shunt mechanism

Answer 15

Controlled by the vasomotor centre (VCC). Located in the medulla oblongata, stimulates the SNC to either vaso dilate or constrict the supply of blood to the muscles and organs.

Question 16

What is venous return

Answer 16

Blood returning to the right side of the heart via the veins

Question 17

What aids venous return

Answer 17

• muscle pump
• pocket valves
• respiratory pump
• smooth pump
• gravity

Question 18

What is muscle pump

Answer 18

Muscle contract and pump the blood in the veins back to the heart

Question 19

What is respiratory pump

Answer 19

Respiratory muscles contract and compress veins

Question 20

What is pocket valves

Answer 20

Prevent back flow of blood and blood pooling in the veins

Question 21

What is gravity

Answer 21

Blood that is in the upper region on the body will go back to the heart due to gravity

Question 22

What is smooth muscle

Answer 22

Surrounds the veins, contracts and pumps blood back to the heart

Question 23

What is vasoconstriction

Answer 23

The narrowing of the lumen and restricting blood flow

Question 24

What is vasodilation

Answer 24

The widening of the lumen allowing blood flow

Question 25

Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors

Answer 25

- physical inactivity - smoking - obesity - high blood pressure - high lipid diet

Question 26

Cardiovascular drift

Answer 26

The CV drift Is the upward drift of HR overtime, with SV declining and continued maintenance of Q.

Question 27

Side effects of exercising in warm weather on the cardiovascular system

Answer 27

- increased HR - plasma volume will decrease due to water loss - decreased blood volume - decreased Q - decreased SV - decreased blood pressure

Question 28

Side effects of exercising in warm weather on the respiratory system

Answer 28

- increased mucus production - constriction on airways - decreased volume of air

Question 29

What is blood pressure

Answer 29

The amount of pressure exerted by the blood against the atrial blood vessel walls