Cardiovascular Symptoms

Question 1

Hypertension:

Answer 1

This is essentially a sign for fucking everything.

Diagnosed first by doing ABPM

Question 2

Atherosclerosis:

Answer 2

XXX

Question 3

Stable Angina:

Answer 3

• Retrosternal chest pain
• Pain radiating to the left arm and jaw
• Breathlessness on exertion, during emotional stress, after a meal or cold whether
• Fatigue
• Nausea

Question 4

STEMI:

Answer 4

• Retrosternal chest pain on exertion OR at rest
• Pain radiating to the jaw, neck and left arm
• Dyspnoea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Syncope
• Atypical presentation is seen in women, the elderly diabetics due to reduced pain sensation. Chest pain may not be present

Question 5

Mitral Stenosis:

Answer 5

• Dyspnoea
• Dysphagia
• Horseness of the voice
• Haemoptysis
• Fatigue
• Chest pain

Question 6

Mitral Regurgitation:

Answer 6

• Dyspnoea
• Fatigue
• Palpitations

Question 7

Aortic Stenosis:

Answer 7

• Long asymptomatic phase (sudden onset)
• Angina
• Syncope
• Heart failure
• Dyspnoea

Question 8

Aortic Regurgitation:

Answer 8

• Dyspnoea
• Fatigue
• Orthopnea
• Angina
• PND
• Pallor

Question 9

Heart Failure:

Answer 9

• Oedema
• Reduced exercise tolerance/capacity
• Dyspnoea
• Fatigue
• Syncope

Specifically for LHF:

• Orthopnea
• Dyspnoea
• PND
• Fatigue
• Nocturnal cough with pink frothy sputum)
• Weight loss

Specifically for RHF:

• Peripheral oedema
• Ascites
• Nausea
• Epistaxis (nose bleeds)

Question 10

Atrial fibrillation:

Answer 10

• Dyspnoea
• Fatigue
• Syncope
• Chest pain
• Often asymptomatic
• Palpitations

Question 11

Acute limb ischaemia:

Answer 11

6 P’s

• Pain
• Pallor
• Pulsness
• Perishingly cold
• Paralysis
• Parasthesia (prickling sensation in the hands and fingers)

Question 12

Chronic limb ischaemia:

Answer 12

Fontaine classification:
1 = Asymptomatic 
2a = Claudication when walking >200m
2b = Claudication when walking <200m
3 = Pain at rest 
4 = Gangrene 

In terms of claudication, the leg pain is mainly in the thighs, is relieved by rest and exacerbated by exercise

Question 13

Abdominal aortic aneurysm:

Answer 13

• Asymptomatic
• Abdominal pain
• Back pain
• Loin pain
• Groin pain
• Painful pulsatile sensation

Question 14

Thoracic aneurysm:

Answer 14

• Dyspnoea
• Dysphagia
• Hoarseness of the voice
• Sharp chest pain RADIATING to the back

Question 15

Infective endocarditis:

Answer 15

• Dyspnoea
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Night sweats
• Weight loss

Question 16

Aortic dissection:

Answer 16

• Dyspnoea
• Chest pain which is severe
• Syncope

Question 17

Restrictive cardiomyopathy:

Answer 17

• Dyspnoea
• Fatigue
• Symptoms similar to that of constrictive pericarditis
• Oedema

Question 18

Dilated cardiomyopathy:

Answer 18

• Dyspnoea
• Orthopnea
• PND
• Fatigue
• Progressive, slow onset
• Ankle oedema
• Weight GAIN (due to fluid overload)
• Chest pain
• Cough

Question 19

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy:

Answer 19

• Dyspnoea (exertional)
• Fatigue
• Syncope/pre-exertional syncope
• Syncope related to LVOT or obstruction
• Many patients are asymptomatic
• Chest pain (exertional) - the type you get in angina
• Sudden cardiac death

Question 20

Myocarditis:

Answer 20

• Dyspnoea, orthopoea
• Fatigue
• Chest pain
• Palpitations

Question 21

Pericarditis:

Answer 21

• Dyspnoea
• Central pleuritic chest pain which is relieved by SITTING FORWARD and worsened by inspiration or lying flat
• Fever