Cardiovascular Aetiologies/Risk factors Flashcards
Hypertension:
Male Age Smoking Diabetes mellitus Family history Obesity/poor diet/lack of exercise Alcohol Sleep apnoea Race Previous MI/stroke
- May be primary (90%) or secondary (5-10%) to kidney disease (renal artery stenosis and chronic renal disease) or endocrine disease (Conn’s syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, phaechromocytoma) and acromegaly)
Atherosclerosis:
Male Age Smoking Hypertension Hyperlipidaemia Diabetes mellitus Family history Obesity
Stable Angina:
Male Age Smoking Hypertension Hyperlipidaemia Diabetes mellitus Obesity Family history (of CVD) Race
Causes: Coronary artery atheroma (most common) Coronary artery spasm Arteritis Mismatch between supply and demand of oxygen to the myocardium
STEMI
Male Age Smoking Hypertension Hyperlipidaemia Diabetes mellitus Obesity/lack of exercise/diet Family history of ischaemic heaert disease /history of CV disease Cocaine use Stent thrombosis Previous angina = Non-modifiable risk factor
Mitral Stenosis:
Congenital MS Rheumatic fever And Prosthetic valve Also... rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Mitral Regurgitation:
Mitral valve prolapse
Rheumatic fever
Infective endocarditis
Ruptured chord tendineae/dysfunctional papillary muscle
Annular calcification (elderly people)
Connective tissue disorder (e.g Marfan’s syndrome)
Aortic Stenosis
Congenital (William’s syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve)
Rheumatic heart disease
And
Sensile calcification
Aortic Regurgitation:
Congenital (bicuspid aortic valve)
Rheumatic heart disease
Infective endocarditis
Myxomatous degeneration
Stroke
Age Smoking Hypertension Hyperlipidemia Diabetes mellitus Family history Obesity/lack of exercise Carotid artery stenosis/ carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque rupture Atrial fibrillation Myocardial infarction
Heart Failure:
Age (old) Smoking Hypertension Diabetes mellitus Valvular heart disease Congenital heart defects Alcoholism HIV Sarcoidosis Restrictive cardiomyopathy Myocarditis Arrythmias Ischaemeia/coronary artery disease Obstructive sleep apnoea
Atrial fibrillation:
Age
Smoking
Hypertension
Heart Failure
Ischaemic heart disease
Valvular disease (mitral regurgitation)
Acute limb ischaemia:
Smoking HISTORY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Diabetes mellitus Atherosclerosis/stenosis Coarctation Aortic dissection Thrombosis Trauma Vasospasm
Atrial Fibrillation:
Age
Smoking
Hypertension
Acute Limb Ischaemia:
Smoking HISTORY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Diabetes mellitus Atherosclerosis/stenosis Coarctation Aortic dissection Thrombosis Trauma Vasospasm
Chronic Limb Ischaemia:
Age Smoking Hypertension Hyperlipidemia HISTORY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE Diabetes mellitus Beurger’s disease Vasculitis
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm:
Male Age Smoking Hypertension Family history
Degenerative disease
Infection (Mycotic aneurysm)
Connective tissue disorder (Marfan’s syndrome)
Thoracic Aneurysm:
Marfan’s syndrome Age Smoking Hypertension Genetics
Aortic Dissection:
Marfan’s syndrome
Smoking
Hypetension
Family history
Coarctation
Atherosclerosis
Trauma
Dilated Cardiomyopathy:
Association with alcoholism and increased BP Scar replacement Haemochromatosis Genetic DCM: SCN5A, DMD Thyrotoxicosis
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy:
Idiopathic Amyloid (infiltrative) Sarcoid (infiltrative) Haemochromatosis (storage disease) Loffler’s eosinophilic endocarditis Fibrosis Diabetes Drugs Radiation
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy:
Gene mutation
Idiopathic
Autosomal dominant
Myocarditis:
Most common cause is viral:
- Coxsackie B virus
- Adenovirus
- Epstein-Barr virus
- Influenza A and B virus
Pericarditis:
Vast majority of causes are viral or idiopathic:
- Coxsackie B virus
- Echovirus
Pericardial Effusion:
Often same causes of pericarditis:
- Coxsackie B virus
- Echovirus
Ventricular Tachycardia:
- Structural heart disease
- Heart failure
- Ischaemic heart disease
- Cardiomyopathy
Infective endocarditis:
Causes:
- Streptococcus Viridans (subacute - abnormal valves)
- Staphylococcus Aureus (acute - normal valves)
Risk Factors:
- IV track marks
- Recent dental surgery
- Diabetes mellitus
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Mitral valve disease
- Renal failure
- Immunosuppresion
