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Emma Cardio > Cardiovascular PD > Flashcards

Cardiovascular PD Flashcards

1
Q

aortic stenosis

A 
harsh
systolic
crescendo-decrescendo
aortic area (R 2nd intercostal)
radiates to carotid area

severe findings: late-peaking murmur, soft/lost S2, pulsus parvus et tardus (weak/small carotid upstroke)

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2
Q

aortic regurgitation

A 
blowing 
diastolic
decrescendo
Erb's point
heard best leaning forward
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3
Q

mitral regurgitation

A 
harsh 
systolic
holosystolic (plateau)
heard at apex (mitral)
radiates to left axilla
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4
Q

mitral stenosis

A 
loud S1 w opening snap
rumbling 
diastolic
heard best on expiration
at apex
L lateral decubitus

time to opening snap=associated w/ severity

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5
Q

pericardial friction rub

A

High frequency scratching noise.
Mainly in L precordial area.
Exacerbated by inspiration, leaning forward, left lateral decubitus position.
Inflammation of pericardium causes friction in walls which generates noise

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6
Q

pulse amplitude scale

A

0: no palpable pulse
1+: diminished (weak, thready)
2+: normal, brisk, expected
3+: bounding, hyperdynamic

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7
Q

dicrotic notch forms from

A

aortic valve closing

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8
Q

a wave

A

increase in R atrial pressure produced by R atrial contraction

less robust (unless pathologic)

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9
Q

c wave

A

start of systole.

Tricuspid closes and bulges into atrium.

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10
Q

x descent

A

decrease in R atrial pressure.

Caused by R atrial relaxation

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11
Q

v wave

A

Increase in R atrial pressure.

Due to filling with blood from IVC during ventricular systole (tricuspid closed)

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12
Q

y descent

A

Decrease in R atrial pressure due to opening of tricuspid valve at end of ventricular systole

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13
Q

diaphragm

A

High Pitched.

S1, S2, some murmurs, friction rubs.

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14
Q

bell

A

Low Pitch.

SD3, S4, some murmurs

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15
Q

S1 sound

A

start of ventricular contraction.

Closure of AV valves (T, M)

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16
Q

S2 sound

A

End of ventricular contraction.

Closure of semilunar valves (aortic, pulmonic)

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17
Q

S3 sound

A

Low pitched sound in early diastole.
Follows S2.
Rapid filling of dilated ventricle causing AV apparatus to tense and vibrate.
May be normal in young adults.

VOLUME OVERLOAD TO VENTRICLE - HF

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18
Q

S4 sound

A

Low pitched sound in late diastole.
Precedes S1.
Aorta contracting forcefully against a STIFF VENTRICLE

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19
Q

intensity scale of cardiac murmurs

A

1: very faint, may not be heard in all positions
2: quiet but recognizable
3: moderately loud
4: loud murmur with palpable thrill
5: loud with palpable thrill, heard w only rim of stethoscope on chest
6: very loud, heard with stethoscope off chest

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20
Q

hepatojugular reflex

A

For volume overload.

Pressure on RUQ –> blood flows up jugular vein

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21
Q

resonant percussion sound

A

Air.

Ex: over lung

22
Q

dull percussion sound

A

solid

ex: over heart

23
Q

Symptoms of cardiac disease (ask these questions to anyone complaining of chest pain)

A 
Palpitations.
Dyspneas (SOB: resting or exertional).
Syncope.
Fatigue.
Dependent edema.
Cyanosis.
24
Q

Korotkoff Sounds

A 
I: 2 consectutive beats (systolic BP)
II: soft, longer sounds
III: loud, crisp sounds
IV: begins to muffle
V: sounds disappear (diastolic BP)
25
Q

systolic murmurs

A 
aortic stenosis
mitral regurgitation
pulmonic stenosis
tricuspid regurgitation
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 
ventricular septal defect
26
Q

diastolic murmurs

A

aortic regurg
mitral stenosis
pulmonic regurg
tricuspid stenosis

27
Q

continuous

A

PDA

28
Q

holosystolic

A

mitral regurg
tricuspid regurg
VSD

29
Q

how to differentiate aortic stenosis and HCM

A

valsalva inc HCM, dec aortic stenosis

30
Q

VSD

A

holosystolic (sim to MR)

31
Q

holosystolic murmurs

A

mitral regurg
tricuspid regurgitation
VSD

32
Q

young otherwise healthy female

A

MVP

33
Q

Marfan’s

A

MVP

34
Q

immigrant

pregnant

A

mitral stenosis

35
Q

IV drug abuser

A

tricuspid regurg

36
Q

Turner syndrome or aortic coarctation

A

bicuspid AV
early stenosis
aortic regurgitation

37
Q

how to differentiate systolic click and opening snal

A

mitral valve disorders

  • proCLICK
  • stenoSNAP
38
Q

PDA murmur

A

continuous, machine-like

39
Q

small VSD murmur

A

loud, holosystolic

left lower sternal border

40
Q

loud S2

A

pulmonary HTN

41
Q

continuous murmur over back between scapula

A

coarctation of aorta

42
Q

fixed split S2

A

ASD

inc blood In R heart –> delayed closure of pulmonary valve

43
Q

ASD murmur

A

systolic murmur heard best over the left upper systolic border

poss RV heave

44
Q

systolic ejection click

A

MR (bicuspid aortic valve)

45
Q

electrical wave that repetitively goes around a physical structure in the atrium (e.g. tricuspid valve annulus)

A

atrial flutter

46
Q

large “V-Waves” on a pulmonary artery wedge tracing

A

severe mitral regurgitation

47
Q

inspiration

mechanism/effect on heart sounds

A

inc VR to RA

inc R heart sounds

48
Q 
hand grip 
(mechanism/effect on heart sounds)
A

inc afterload

inc of MR, AR, VSD
dec HCM, AS
later onset of MVP click/murmur

49
Q

valsalva or standing up

mechanism/effect on heart sounds

A

dec preload

dec most murmurs (AS)
inc HCM
earlier onset of MCP click/murmur

50
Q

squatting or raising legs

mechanism/effect on heart sounds

A

inc VR, inc preload, inc afterload

dec HCM
inc AS, MR, VSD
later onset of MVP click/murmur

Emma Cardio (17 decks)

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