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Cardiovascular Medicine BDS2 > Cardiovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the non-modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis?

A

age, gender, genes, familial hypercholesterolemia

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2
Q

what is hypercholesterolaeamia?

A

the mutation of the LDL receptor gene

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3
Q

where is the LDL receptor present?

A

in many cell types including smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and adrenocortical cells

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4
Q

what is an atheroma?

A

chronic inflammatory response to lipoproteins

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5
Q

what happens to the endothelial cells in an atheroma?

A

they change surface cell receptors and become more permeable to lipids. they change cell adhesion molecules for monocytes to attach to endothelium and move into blood vessel walls

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6
Q

what cells are present in the chronic inflammation stage of an atheroma?

A

monocytes, macrophages, T cells, foam cells, lipid deposits

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7
Q

what occurs in the healing response phase of an atheroma?

A

proliferation of smooth muscle cells, fibrous tissue formation, growth factors produced, fibro fatty plaque formed with lipid and necrotic tissue, neovascularisation at the periphery of plaque, haemorrhage in the plaque, calcification of lipid and necrotic tissue

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8
Q

what is the first step in atheroma formation?

A

chronic endothelial cell injury (could be genetic mutation, inherited, hypertension)

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9
Q

what is the second step in atheroma formation?

A

permeability increases and lipid is deposited in the intimal layers

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10
Q

what is the third stage of atheroma formation?

A

macrophages start to move in and foam cells and fatty streaks can be seen

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11
Q

what is the fourth stage of atheroma formation?

A

smooth muscle proliferation - macrophages produce IL-1 which activates T cells, inflammatory cells activated

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12
Q

what is the fifth stage of atheroma formation?

A

fibrous tissue formation over the lipid and a fibro fatty atheroma is formed (plaque)

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13
Q

what are the effects of atherosclerosis?

A

decreased blood supply to tissue/organ, complete occlusion of blood vessel leads to infarction, thrombosis, embolism

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14
Q

what are the peripheral vascular diseases?

A

ischaemia, claudication, gangrene, coagulation necrosis and infection

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15
Q

what is an aneurysm?

A

abnormal dilation

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16
Q

where do aneurysms occur?

A

in blood vessel or in cardiac wall

17
Q

what are aneurysms caused by?

A

developmental, degenerative or traumatic factors

18
Q

what does an abdominal aortic aneurysm occur from?

A

atherosclerosis

19
Q

what are the acute coronary conditions?

A

anginal pectoris and myocardial infarction

20
Q

what is myocardial infarction?

A

loss of blood supply, oxygen and nutrients

21
Q

what is seen in coagulation necrosis?

A

cells retain outline so can be identified, cytoplasm becomes darker, remains of nuclei, striations lost, inflammatory cells and granulation tissue

22
Q

what are the chronic coronary syndromes?

A

congestive heart failure, ventricular hypertrophy, oedema, chronic venous congestion of lung and liver

23
Q

with ventricular hypertrophy what can be seen?

A

hypertrophy of myocyte

24
Q

what happens due to increased metabolic demands with ventricular hypertrophy?

A

ischaemia and injury to myocyte leading to apoptosis and heart failure

25
Q

what are the cardiovascular tumours in blood vessels?

A

hamartomas, kaposi sarcoma and angiosarcoma

26
Q

what type of tumour are haemangiomas and vascular malformations?

A

hamartoma

27
Q

what are the types of vascular malformation?

A

capillary, cavernous, sturge weber syndrome

28
Q

what does sturge weber syndrome look like?

A

hyperpigmentation - redness on extra-oral tissues and purple on intra-oral tissues due to increased blood supply brought to subsurface of tissues

29
Q

what is a kaposi sarcoma?

A

multi-focal low-grade sarcoma of lymphatics and blood vessels

30
Q

in valvular heart disease what happens to the valves?

A

stenosis, insufficiency, vegetations

31
Q

what is calcific aortic stenosis?

A

dystrophic calcium deposits as a result of chronic endothelial injury such as tissue inflammation and hyperlipidaemia

32
Q

where are aschoff bodies found?

A

in the central area of necrosis

33
Q

what is infective endocarditis?

A

microbial infection of heart valves

34
Q

what happens to the valves in rheumatic heart disease?

A

thickening, fusion and calcification of valves

Cardiovascular Medicine BDS2 (12 decks)

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