Cardiovascular examination Flashcards
What are xanthomata?
Yellow cholesterol-rich deposits
Where are xanthomata found?
Palm
Tendons of the wrist
Tendons of the elbow
What are xanthomata associated with?
Hyperlipidaemia (typically familial hyperlipidaemia)
Coronary artery disease
HTN
What heart defects is Marfan’s associated with?
Aortic dissection
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic valve prolapse
What are the cardiac causes of clubbing?
Congenital cyanotic heart disease
Infective endocarditis
Atrial myxoma
What are causes of splinter haemorrhages?
Infeective endocarditis Local trauma Sepsis Vasculitis Psoriatic nail disease
Where do janeway lesions typically occur?
Thenar and Hypothenar eminences of the palms
Also the soles
Where are Osler’s nodes found?
Fingers or toes
Colour = red-purple
Which are painful- Osler’s nodes or janeway lesions?
Osler’s nodes
What might cool hands in a cardio exam suggest?
Poor peripheral perfusion caused by:
- Congestive cardiac failure
- Acute coronary syndrome
If you detect an irregular radial pulse, how long do you count for?
60 seconds
What are causes of an irregular rhythm in the pulse?
AF
Ectopic beats
AV blocks
What are causes of radio-radial delay?
- Subclavian artery stenosis (e.g. by compression by a cervical rib)
- Aortic dissection
- Aortic coarctation
What is another name for Collapsing pulse?
Water hammer pulse
What are causes of a collapsing pulse?
- Normal physiological states: fever, pregnancy
- Cardiac lesions: Aortic regurgitation, patent ductus arteriosus
- High output states: anaemia, arteriovenous fistula, thyrotoxicosis
What causes a slow rising pulse?
Aortic stenosis
What causes a bounding pulse?
Aortic regurgitation
CO2 retention