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Cardio Board Correlates > Cardiovascular Diseases - Heart Failure and Valvular Heart Diseases > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Diseases - Heart Failure and Valvular Heart Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of systolic dysfunction that leads to left-sided heart failure

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

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2
Q

most common cause of diastolic dysfunction that leads to left-sided heart failure

A

Concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH) due to HPN

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3
Q

most common cause of right-sided heart failure

A

L-sided heart failure

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4
Q

Earliest CARDINAL SYMPTOM of L-sided heart failure

A

Dyspnea

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5
Q

Earliest CARDINAL SIGN of L-sided heart failure

A

L-sided S3

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6
Q

Presentation of L-sided heart failure

A
  • Dyspnea
  • L-sided S3
  • PND
  • Orthopnea
  • MV regurgitation
  • presence of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
  • siderophages (hemosiderin-laden macrophages or heart failure cells)
  • pulmonary edema (septal edema, peribronchiolar edema)
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7
Q

Presentation of R-sided heart failure

A
  • peripheral ankle edema (hallmark of R-sided heart failure)
  • neck vein engorgement
  • tricuspid regurgitation
  • ascites
  • chronic passive congestion of the liver (nutmeg liver, cardiac cirrhosis)
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8
Q

MOST sensitive index of cardiac function

A

ejection fraction

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9
Q

important bedside measurement to estimate the volume status

A

JVP (internal jugular vein preferred)

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10
Q

predominant cause of HF and responsible for 60-75% of HF in industrialized countries

A

Coronary Artery Disease

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11
Q

Cardinal symptoms of heart failure

A

fatigue and shortness of breath

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12
Q

most important mechanism of dyspnea in heart failure

A

pulmonary congestion with accumulation of insterstitial or intra-alveolar fluid, which activates juxtacapillary J receptors

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13
Q

most useful test in assessment of LV function

A

2d-echo with doppler studies

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14
Q

gold standard for assessment of LV mass and volume

A

MRI

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15
Q

only pharmacologic agents that can adequately control fluid retention in advanced HF

A

diuretics

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16
Q

major problem in aldosterone antagonists

A

development of life-threatening hyperkalemia

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17
Q

cornerstones of moden therapy for HP with a depressed EF

A

ACE-I/ARBs and Beta Blockers

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18
Q

most common side effect of all vasodilating agents

A

hypotension

19
Q

most common side effect of IV or oral nitrates

A

headache

20
Q

most commonly used inotropic agent for the treatment of acute HF

A

dobutamine

21
Q

first choice for therapy in which modest ionotropy and pressor support are required

A

dopamine

22
Q

most common reason for re-hospitalization in heart failure

A

failure to meet criteria for discharge

23
Q

most common symptom of cor pulmonale

A

dyspnea

24
Q

opening snap, rheumatic heart disease, atrial fibrillation

A

mitral stenosis

25
Q

pansystolic murmur, can be due to mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

mitral regurgitation

26
Q

midsystolic click, associated with Marfan’s

A

mitral valve prolapse

27
Q

2 Types: calcified (elderly) or congenital (newborn), causes syncope in exercise

A

aortic stenosis

28
Q

widened pulse pressure; corrigan, de musset, quincke, muller, durozeiz, traube, hill, becker signs; austin-flint murmur

A

Aortic Regurgitation/insufficiency

29
Q

secondary to pulmonary hpn, graham-steell murmur

A

pulmonary regurgitation

30
Q

IE in IV drug abusers, carcinoid heart disease, pulsating liver, giant C-V wave jugular venous pulses

A

tricuspid regurgitation

31
Q

carcinoid heart disease

A

pulmonary stenosis

32
Q

leading cause of mitral stenosis

A

rheumatic heart disease

33
Q

most prominent location of kerley b lines

A

lower and mid-lung fields

34
Q

papillary muscle usually involved in acute MR because of single blood supply

A

posteromedial papillary muscle

35
Q

most complaints in chronic severe MR

A

fatigue, exertional dyspnea, and orthopnea

36
Q

most common ecg finding in MVP

A

normal

37
Q

most important finding on auscultation in MVP

A

mid- or late (nonejection) systolic click

38
Q

most common congenital heart valve defect

A

bicuspid aortic valve disease

39
Q

three cardinal symptoms of AS

A

exertional dyspnea + angina pectoris + syncope

40
Q

most common cause of midsystolic murmur in an adult

A

aortic stenosis

41
Q

murmur that is always related to structural heart disease

A

diastolic murmurs (Grade I-II systolic murmurs are usually benign)

42
Q

classic cause of a mid-to-late diastolic murmur

A

mitral stenosis

43
Q

classic example of a continuous murmur

A

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Cardio Board Correlates (15 decks)

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