Cardiovascular Diseases - Congenital Heart Diseases

Question 1

most common congenital heart disease; CXR: biventricular enlargement and dilated left atrium; most common type: membranous

Answer 1

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Question 2

most common congenital heart disease diagnosed in adults; CXR: dilated right atrium and right ventricle

Answer 2

atrial septal defect (ASD)

Question 3

CHD with early cyanosis (R -> L shunt)

Answer 3

Mnemonic: All CHDs that start with “T”:

• tetralogy of fallot (TOF)
• tricuspid atresia
• truncus arteriosus
• total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)
• transposition of the great arteries (TGA)

Question 4

CHD with late cyanosis (L -> R shunt)

Answer 4

ASD, VSD, PDA, AVSD

Question 5

Conversion of an initial L -> R shunt into a R -> L shunt

Answer 5

eisenmengerization

Question 6

CHD associated with congenital rubella syndrome; “continous machinery like murmur”

Answer 6

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

indomethacin to close, PGE1 to remain open

Question 7

CHD associated with Turner’s syndrome

Answer 7

preductal coarctation of the aorta

Question 8

CHD associated with Down syndrome

Answer 8

asd, endocardal cushion defect

Question 9

CHD associated with Marfan syndrome

Answer 9

mvp, aortic dissection

Question 10

CHD associated with the offspring of diabetic moms

Answer 10

transposition of great arteries

Question 11

CXR: boot-shaped heart (coeur en sabot)

Answer 11

tetralofy of fallot

Components: subpulmonic stenosis (main determinant of severity), RVH, VSD, overriding of aorta

Question 12

CXR: egg-shaped silhouette or egg-on-its-side appearance

Answer 12

transposition of great arteries

Question 13

CXR: Snowman sign/cottage-loaf heart

Answer 13

total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Question 14

CXR: Figure of 3 sign

Answer 14

coarcation of the aorta (rib-notching is seen in the adult or post-ductal form)