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Cardiorespiratory > Cardiovascular and blood > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and blood Flashcards

Components and physiology

1
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

Cardiac output (L/min) = Stroke volume (L) x Heart rate (bpm)

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2
Q

What are the four main components of blood?

A

RBCs, WBCs, Plasma, Platelets

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3
Q

What is the main function of erythrocytes?

A

Carrying oxygen around the body

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4
Q

What does haematocrit mean? And what is the average value in humans?

A

The % of RBCs in the blood. 45%

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5
Q

How long do erythrocytes usually live for?

A

120 days

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6
Q

Where are blood cells formed in the adult body?

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

In utero, where are blood cells formed?

A

Yolk sac, liver and spleen, bone marrow

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8
Q

In children, where are blood cells derived from?

A

All bones

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9
Q

What cell type do all blood cells derive from?

A

Haemopoietic stem cells

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10
Q

What hormone is required to stimulate the form of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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11
Q

What key hormone stimulates the development of granulocyte?

A

Granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factore (GM-CSF)

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12
Q

What hormone is required for the production of platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin (TPO)

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13
Q

What catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin?

A

Thrombin

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14
Q

What does the enzyme thrombin do?

A

Catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Also activates multiple procoagulant factors

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15
Q

In the erythrocyte, what does oxygen bind to?

A

Haem group

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16
Q

What metal is present in haemoglobin?

A

Iron

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17
Q

Where are RBCs removed from the blood?

A

Spleen, liver, bone marrow and any blood loss

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18
Q

What are the two kinds RBCs production failures that cause anemia?

A 
Hypoplastic anaemia (not enough formed)
Dyshaemopoietic anaemia (ineffective production)
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19
Q

What is happening to RBCs with haemolytic anaemia?

A

Too many RBCs are being broken down

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

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21
Q

Name the 5 main types of white blood cells and there approximate life span.

A 
Neutrophils (6-8 hours)
Monocytes (20-40 hours)
Basophils (days)
Eosinophils (days)
Lymphocytes (weeks to years)
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22
Q

What is the most numerous kind of WBC?

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

What do neutrophils release?

A

Cytokines and chemotaxins

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24
Q

How do you recognise a neutrophil on a histological slide?

A

Lobed nucleus (~3-5 lobes)

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25
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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26
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells

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27
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Many functions. Detection, phagocytosis, APC and release cytokines to activate other cells. Found stationary in tissue and mobile in blood.

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28
Q

What differentiates into dendritic cells and macrophages?

A

Monocytes

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29
Q

What do basophils differentiate into in tissues? And what is it’s function?

A

Mast cells. Important in inflammatory and allergic responses. Found in connective tissue. Release histamine. Filled with basophil granules.

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30
Q

What cells produce and store histamine?

A

Mast cells

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31
Q

What do mast cells differentiate from?

A

Basophils

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32
Q

Describe the histological appearance of a eosinophil cell.

A

Pink granules, large nucleus. ‘Eosin stain loving cell- hence very pink’

33
Q

Describe the histological appearance of a basophil cell.

A

Purple granules throughout the cell

34
Q

What WBC is known as the ‘clever’ or most complex cell?

A

Lymphocytes

35
Q

What is the function of the B-lymphocyte?

A

Antibody production. Key role in adaptive immunity.

36
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone marrow

37
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

38
Q

What do T helper cells (CD4+) do in an immune response?

A

Suppress or regulate the immune response by releasing cytokines.

39
Q

What do cytoxic T cells (CD8+) do in an immune response?

A

Attack and destroy foreign/damaged/infected cells (by lysis)

40
Q

In general, what’s the immunological role of T lymphocytes?

A

Cell mediated immunity. Finding and killing targeted cells.

41
Q

What are the four types of phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils

42
Q

What do B-lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

Plasma cells (which secrete antibodies)

43
Q

What vessels are part of microcirculation in the body?

A

Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules

44
Q

Albumin is a globular protein found in the plasma of blood. Where is it formed and what is it’s role?

A

Liver. Maintains oncotic pressure

45
Q

What activates platelets?

A

Tissue factor- found everywhere but endothelial cells (so coagulation occurs everywhere but the blood stream)

46
Q

What is formed during primary haemostasis?

A

Platelet plug

47
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in platelet plug formation?

A

Platelet adhesion- platelets stick to exposed collagen (via Von Willebrand factor on surface)
Platelet activation- once adhered, platelets activate other platelets
Platelet plug formation- fibrinogen binds the platelets together

48
Q

What cells produce immunoglobulins (antibodies)?

A

B lymphocytes

49
Q

What is the main aim of the coagulation cascade?

A

To convert fibrinogen into fibrin to form a blood clot

50
Q

What is the aim of the fibrinolytic system?

A

To breakdown a fibrin clot with plasmin enzyme as part of the healing process

51
Q

What are the steps involved in haemostasis?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Primary haemostasis/ platelet plug formation
  3. Secondary haemostasis/ blood clot formation
52
Q

What causes fluid to move out of capillaries at tissues?

A

A higher hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries

53
Q

Approximately how much tissue fluid is reabsorbed into the capillaries at the venous end?

54
Q

What process is occurring when tissue fluid is moving back into the capillaries?

A

Osmosis- due to the very low water potential in the blood

55
Q

What molecules cause sympathetic stimulation of the heart? What mechanism occurs?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline. They cause increased Na permeability of the so the threshold potential is reached quicker

56
Q

What molecules cause parasympathetic stimulation of the heart? How does this occur?

A

Acetylcholine. Decreased Na permeability so longer time to reach membrane potential

57
Q

What difference is there between a normal cell action potential and a cardiac potential?

A

Cardiac action potential has a longer refractory period to prevent fatigue

58
Q

What is the average blood pressure in the pulmonary system?

A

Systolic- 20

Diastolic- 8

59
Q

What is the average normal blood pressure in the systemic system?

60
Q

What three factors allow venous return against gravity?

A

Valves
Respiratory pump
Muscle action pump

61
Q

What is the function of lymph vessels?

A

To drain excess fluid from the muscles

62
Q

What vein does lymph drain into?

A

Subclavian

63
Q

What kinds of vessel has valves?

A

Veins and lymph vessels

64
Q

What is the Frank Starling mechanism?

A

Also known as the ‘length force mechanism’ or ‘Starlings law’. As preload/end diastolic volume increases, the total stroke volume and cardiac output increases. This is because there’s an increased venous return so increased volume in the ventricles which stretches the myocardial cross fibres- causes an increased force of contraction.

65
Q

At rest, what % potential is the heart working at?

66
Q

What is afterload?

A

The pressure the heart has to work against to eject blood during systole.

67
Q

How would an increased afterload affect stoke volume?

A

A decrease in stroke volume (and an increase in end systolic volume)

68
Q

How would a decreased afterload affect stroke volume?

A

Increase stroke volume (to overcome the increased resistance)

69
Q

What 4 factors affect the cardiac contraction?

A

These factors affect the PACE of cardiac contraction
Preload- as preload increases, SV increases
Afterload- the pressure the heart must work against
Contractility- force that heart beats with
‘Eart rate- changing HR changes CO due to the formula CO=HRxSV

70
Q

Where are the peripheral chemo and baroreceptors found?

A

The aortic arch and carotid sinus

71
Q

Where are the central baroreceptors found? (rather than peripheral)

A

Atria, ventricles and pulmonary artery

72
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors found? (rather than preipheral)

73
Q

What nerves supply the two seperate peripheral baroreceptors?

A

Aortic arch supplied by vagus nerve

Carotid sinus supplied by sinus nerve (a branch of the glossopharyngeal/CNIX nerve)

74
Q

What is the name of the hormone system that regulates blood pressure?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

75
Q

What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system control?

A

Blood pressure

76
Q

In reference to cardiovascular function, what is intrinsic and extrinsic regulation?

A

Intrinsic is also known as homeostatic. Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems adjust automatically in response to change.
Extrinsic regulation- controlled by nervous or endocrine systems in response to activity e.g. exercise

77
Q

The intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to changing volumes of venous return is also known as what?

A

Starlings law of the heart

78
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system that can affect cardiac output?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

79
Q

Name 4 organs that are continuously conditioning the blood.

A

Lungs- gaseous exchange
Kidneys- blood vol and electrolyte composition
Skin- temperature
Liver- removal of toxins

Cardiorespiratory (12 decks)

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