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STEP ONE FINAL > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Preload

A

approximately the EDV, amount of blood returned to heart from veins

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2
Q

Afterload

A

Approximately MAP, amount in arteries after systole.

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3
Q

Ejection fraction

A

EF=SV/EDV

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4
Q

Stroke Volume

A

EDV-ESV

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5
Q

Flow

A

(Change in P)/Resistance

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6
Q

Flow again

A

(Change Pressure * pi R to the fourth)/(8viscosity*length)

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7
Q

Inotropy

A

Change in contractility

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8
Q

Chronotropy

A

Change in HR

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9
Q

A wave

A

atrial contraction (not seen in A fib)

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10
Q

S1

A

mitral and tricuspid valve closure

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11
Q

S2

A

aortic and pulmonary valve closure

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12
Q

S3

A 
mitral regurg
heart failure
dilated cardiomyopathy
Pregnancy
Childhoof
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13
Q

fixed Split S2 heard

A

ASD

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14
Q

S4

A

Ventricular hypertrophy

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15
Q

C wave

A

RV contraction

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16
Q

x descent

A

atrial relaxation and downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during ventricular contraction

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17
Q

v wave

A

increase right atrial pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid valves

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18
Q

y descent

A

RA emptying into RV

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19
Q

wide S2 split

A

pulmonic stenosis
RBBB
(from delayed emptying of RV)

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20
Q

Paradoxical splitting

A

aortic stenosis
LBBB
Reversed-P2 before A2

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21
Q

Crescendo Decrescendo systolic murmur

A

Aortic Stenosis

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22
Q

pulsus parvus et tardus

A

(Pulses weak with delayed peak)

Aortic Stenosis

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23
Q

calcification of bicuspid aortic valve

A

Aortic stenosis

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24
Q

Holosystolic blowing murmur

A

Mitral/tricuspid regurg

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25
Q

Late systolic crescendo with midsystolic click

A

Mitral valve prolapse

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26
Q

Harsh holosystolic murmur

A

VSD

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27
Q

Blowing early diastolic murmur

A

aortic regurg

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28
Q

hyperdynamic pulse

A

Aortic regurg

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29
Q

Opening snap with diastolic rumble

A

Mitral stenosis

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30
Q

Machine like murmur

A

PDA

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31
Q

Long QT predisposes to…

A

Torsades de pointes

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32
Q

Drug Induced Long QT

A 
antiArrhythmics (class IA, III)
antiBiotics (macrolides)
antiCychotics (haloperidol)
antiDepressants (TCAs)
antiEmetics (Ondansetron)
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33
Q

Treatment for Torasades

A

Mg sulfate

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34
Q

Autosomal dominant congenital long QT syndrome without deafness

A

Romano-Ward Syndrome

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35
Q

Autosomal recessive congenital long QT with deafness

A

Jervell Lange-Nielsen Syndrome

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36
Q

Asian males with RBBB

A

Brugada

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37
Q

ST elevations in V1-V3

A

Brugada

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38
Q

delta wave

A

Wolff Parkinson White

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39
Q

Chaotic and erratice baseline with no discrete P waves

A

Atrial Fibrillation

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40
Q

rapid succession of identical back to back atrial p waves

A

Atrial Flutter

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41
Q

Completely erratic rhythm with no discernible waves

A

Ventricular fibrillation

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42
Q

Prolonged PR interval

A

1st Degree AV block

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43
Q

Progressive lengthening of PR with an eventual dropped beat

A

Second Degree Mobitz type 1 AV block

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44
Q

Dropped beat with no change in PR length

A

Second degree Moritz type 2 AV block

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45
Q

Atria and ventricles beat independently of each other

A

Third Degree AV block

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46
Q

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is an estimation of

A

Left atrial pressure

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47
Q

Associated with VSD

A

Persistent Truncus Arteriosus

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

48
Q

Due to a failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral

A

Transposition of the great vessels

49
Q

Associated with maternal diabetes

A

Transposition of the great vessels

50
Q

Requires both ASD and VSD for survival

A

Tricuspid atresia

51
Q

Boot shaped heart on chest xray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

52
Q

Squatting improves cyanosis

A

Tetralogy of Fallot

53
Q

pulmonary veins drain into right heart

A

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

54
Q

Most common congenital heart defect

A

VSD

55
Q

Associated with Down’s Syndrome

A

ASD

56
Q

Congenital rubella

A

PDA

57
Q

Machine like murmur

A

PDA

58
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Coarctation of the aorta

59
Q

Associated with bicuspid aortic valve

A

Coarctation of the aorta

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

60
Q

Hypertension in upper extreme with weak delayed pulse in lower

A

Coarctation of the aorta

61
Q

Associated with PDA

A

Total Anomalous pulmonary venous return

Coarctation of the aorta

62
Q

Prenatal lithium exposure

A

Ebstein anomaly

63
Q

Supravalvular aortic stenosis

A

Williams syndrome

64
Q

Concentric hypertrophy

A

HTN (pressure overload)

65
Q

Eccentric Hypertrophy

A

Volume overload

66
Q

Pipestem apperance on Xray

A

Monckeberg Calcific sclerosis

67
Q

Process of Atherosclerosis

A 
Endothelial dysfunction
LDL accumulation
Macrophage accumulation
Foam cell formation
Fatty streaks
Smooth muscle cell migration(PDGF/FGF)
fibrous plaque
68
Q

Cystic medial degeneration

A

Thoracic Aortic aneurysm

69
Q

mediastinal widening on CXR

A

Aortic dissection

70
Q

Q waves

A

transmural infarcts

71
Q

V1-V2

A

Anteroseptal

72
Q

V3-V4

A

Anteroapical

73
Q

V5-V6

A

Anterolateral

74
Q

I, aVL

A

Lateral

75
Q

II, III, aVF

A

Inferior

76
Q

Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

A 
alcohol
Wet beriberi
Cocaine
Coxsackie Virus
Chagas
Doxorubicin
Hemachromatosis
sarcoidosis
peripartum
77
Q

Balloon apperance

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

78
Q

Associated with Friedrich ataxia

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

79
Q

endocardial fibrosis with prominent eosinophilic infiltrate

A

Loffler Syndrome

80
Q

Low voltage ECG

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Cardiac tamponade

81
Q

Roth spots

A

Endocarditis-round white spots on retina

82
Q

Osler nodes

A

Endocarditis tender raised lesions on fingers or toe pads

83
Q

Janeway lesions

A

Endocarditis small painless erythematous lesions on palmorsole

84
Q

splinter hemorrhages

A

endocarditis

85
Q

Criteria for Rheumatic fever

A 
JONES
Joint
 carditis
Nodules in skin
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
86
Q

Aschoff bodies

A

Rheumatic fever-granuloma with giant cells

87
Q

Antischkow cells

A

Rheumatic fever-enlarged macrophages with ovoid, wavy, rod like nucleus

88
Q

relieved by sitting up and leaning forward

A

acute pericarditis

89
Q

Friction rub

A

acute pericarditis

90
Q

RBBB in asian male

A

Brugada

91
Q

ST segment elevation and/or PR depression

A

acute pericarditis

92
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A 
cardiac tamponade
asthma
obstructive sleep apnea
percarditis
croup
93
Q

Mass in left atrium in adults

A

myxomas

94
Q

ball valve

A

myxomas

95
Q

early tumor plop sound

A

myxomas

96
Q

pedunculated

A

myxomas

97
Q

associated with tuberous sclerosis

A

rhabdomyomas

98
Q

Causes of Kussmaul sign

A

constrictive pericarditis
restrictive cardiomyopathy
RA or RV tumors

99
Q

benign capillary skin papillose with neutrophilic infiltrate

A

bacillary angiomatosis

100
Q

benign capillary hemangioma of elderly

A

cherry hemangioma

101
Q

cavernous lymphangioma of neck

A

cystic hygroma - Turner syndrome

102
Q

benign, painful red-blue tumor under fingernails

A

glomus tumor

103
Q

endothelial malignancy with lymphocytic infiltrate

A

Kaposi sarcoma

104
Q

benign capillary hemangioma of infancy

A

Strawberry hemangioma

105
Q

Headache, jaw claudition, blindness

A

Temporal Arteritis

106
Q

Young asian females with decreased pulse in upper extremities

A

Takayasu arteritis

107
Q

Hep B seropositivity

A

Polyarteritis nodosa

108
Q

spares the lungs

A

polyarteritis nodosa

109
Q

String of pearls

A

polyarteritis nodosa

110
Q

cornoary artery aneurysms most common cause of death

A

Kawasaki disease

111
Q

Associated with smoking

A

Buerger disease

112
Q

Autoamputation of digits

A

Buerger disease

113
Q

Asthma, sinusitis, skin findings

A

Churg Strauss

114
Q

Most common childhood systemic vasculitis

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

115
Q

IgA immune complex deposition

A

Henoch-Schonlein purpura

STEP ONE FINAL (8 decks)

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