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CMS > Cardiovascular 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular 2 Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

What are structural heart disease investigations?

A

ECG
chest X-rays
Echocardiogram

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2
Q

What are causes of heart failure?

A

Ischaemic heart disease
Hypertension
Valvular heart disease
Alcohol excess

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3
Q

What are symptoms of heart failure?

A

Fluid accumulation- oedema on lungs and peripheries

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4
Q

What is a sign of fluid on lungs?

A

Breathlessness on exertion and on lying flat

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5
Q

How does heart failure present?

A

Gradual onset
SOB- Often during night when lying flat
Sudden death

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6
Q

What medications are used to treat heart failure?

A

Diuretics
ACE inhibitors / angiotensin ll receptor antagonists
Beta blockers
Digoxin

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7
Q

What other treatments are used re. Heart failure?

A 
Treatment of underlying causes
Surgical - cabg
Surgical- PTCA- Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Rarely- transplant 
Pacemaker
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8
Q

What should dentists be aware of re. Heart failure?

A

Polypharmacy
Avoid NSAIDS- cause fluid retention
Cautious when lying patient flat

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9
Q

Re. Valvular heart disease, what side of the heart is most commonly affected?

A

Left side- mitral, aortic valve

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10
Q

What are causes of heart disease?

A

Congenital
Infective endocarditis
Rheumatic fever
Age related

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11
Q

What Are the two types of valvular heart disease?

A

Regurgitation

Stenosis

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12
Q

What is regurgitation?m

A

Valve becomes floppy
Loss of valve integrity
Leaks

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13
Q

What is stenosis?m

A

Narrowing of valve, obstructing flow

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14
Q

What is the treatment of valvular heart disease?

A

Medication
Surgery:
Valve replacement - porcine, metallic

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15
Q

What is infective endocarditis?

A 
Usually occurs on diseased or prosthetic valves
Due to bacteraemia:
Strep viridans
Strep faecalis
Strep aureus
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16
Q

What are clinical features of infective endocarditis?

A

Prolonged febrile illness
Valve degeneration and failure
Embolic disease
Immune complex formation

17
Q

What investigations can be used re. Infective endocarditis?

A

Blood cultures

Echocardiogram

18
Q

What is treatment for infective endocarditis?

A

Prolonged course of intravenous antibiotics

? Surgery

19
Q

What is normal cardiac rhythm?

A

Sinus rhythm

20
Q

What is arrhythmia?

A

Abnormal cardiac rhythm
Irregular
Too fast/slow
Abnormal beat conduction

21
Q

What makes a too fast rhythm?

A

> 100/ minute

22
Q

What makes a rhythm too slow?

A
23
Q

What can be symptoms of cardiac arrhythmias?

A 
Nil
Palpitations
Chest pain
Heart failure
Syncope
24
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Irregular heart beat

25
Q

What does atrial fibrillation increase risk of?

A

Stroke

26
Q

What is tachyarrythmia?

A

Too fast heart beat

27
Q

What are symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Palpitations
Chest pain
Breathlessness

28
Q

What can treatment be at time of SVT?

A

Vagal manoeuvres
Carotid sinus massage
Drugs- adenosine

29
Q

What is bradyarrythmia?

A

Heart beat too slow

30
Q

What are causes of bradyarrythmia?

A

Age
Ischaemia
Drugs

31
Q

What treatment may bradyarrythmia require?m

A

May require pacemaker

32
Q

What are ventricular arrhythmias?

A

Abnormal heart conduction- peri arrest rhythm

33
Q

What can be the cause of ventricular arrhythmias?

A

Heart attack
Drugs
Congenital
Electrolyte disturbances

34
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A

Always symptomatic

Cardio respiratory arrest

35
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Always cardio respirator arrest

36
Q

What are dental aspect relevant re. Pace makers?

A

Theoretical risk of electrical intereference see BNF

avoid adrenaline containing local anaesthetic in certain situations

37
Q

What are structural heart diseases?

A

Heart failure- muscle weakness

Valvular heart disease

CMS (14 decks)

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