Cardiovascular Flashcards
Should normal valves make a sound when opening?
No - silent
Where do normal heart sounds come from?
closing
What is S1?
closure of mitral valve
What is S2?
closure of aortic valve
What is systole?
period of ventricular contraction, aortic valve is open, mitral valve is closed
What is diastole?
period of ventricular relaxation, fills with blood; aortic valve is closed, mitral valve is open
In a healthy patient, which part of the heart has the strongest contraction?
left ventricle
How can you remember the diastolic murmurs?
ArMsPT
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Pulmonic regurgitation
Tricupsid stenosis
What is stenosis?
stenotic open valve
What is regurgitation?
regurgitant closed valve
What is the Ar for ArMSPT?
aortic regurgitation
What is the M in ARMSPT?
mitral stenosis
What is the P in ARMSPT?
pulmonic regurgitation
What is the T in ARMSPT?
tricupsid stenosis
What are the systolic murmurs?
aortic stenosis
mitral regurg
pulmonic stenosis
tricupsid regurg
ventricular septal defect
What is S3?
when mitral valve pops open again to begin a new diastole right after S2. Healthy in young people <40 and pregnancy, athletes
When is S3 concerning?
pathologic/concerning in elderly in which it means heart failure issue
Where can you hear S3 best?
using bell at the apex in left lateral decubitus position
How is split S2 different from S3?
high pitched (diaphragm) and heard best at the pulmonic valve. Split s2 is common in inspiration while s3 is abnormal.
What is S4?
atrial contraction at the end of diastole right before S1; which reflects a pathological change in compliance
Where can you hear S4?
low pitched (bell) and heard at the apex with patient in left lateral decubitus
When is a split S2 normal?
during inspiration only
What is split S2 made up of?
aortic and pulmonic valve closure; split is when they do not close at the same time
What is the most common murmur?
midsystolic ejection murmur, with no associated pathology, just temporary changes in metabolism from pregnancy, fever, hyperthyroidism, anemia