Cardiovascular

Question 1

pulmonary circuit

Answer 1

heart to lungs

Question 2

systemic circuit

Answer 2

heart pumping to the body tissues

Question 3

Blood characteristics

Answer 3

flows slower than water
100.4 F
pH: 7.35-7.45
NaCl: .85-.9%
8% of body weight
4-6 L, less in females

Question 4

layers in blood vessels

Answer 4

tunica intima: innermost
tunica media: middle
tunica externa: external

Question 5

artery characteristics

Answer 5

elastic tissue, recoil
muscular
function to regulate blood flow to different body parts
smooth muscle fibers in the walls

Question 6

arterioles characteristics

Answer 6

less elastic
more smooth muscle
site of blood flow resistance
pressure reduction valves: narrow lumen, thick muscle walls, regulate pressure in system

Question 7

capillary characteristics

Answer 7

one cell wall thick
tight junction
internal respiration/gas exchange
tissue nutrition

Question 8

venules/veins characteristics

Answer 8

walls thicker than capillaries
easily distensible
some smooth muscle for venoconstriction
one way valves in extremities to prevent backflow
more collagen in walls to expand

Question 9

blood in veins is…

Answer 9

low pressure, slow flow
contains most of body’s blood in veins
flap valves

Question 10

apex of the heart

Answer 10

pointed tip

Question 11

pericardium

Answer 11

double walled sac around heart
two layers
parietal and visceral
protect/anchor heart
prevent overfilling of heart
reduce friction

Question 12

epicardium

Answer 12

serous membrane = visceral pericardium
superfiical layer is the mesothelium
deeper layer contains mroe blood vessels and fat

Question 13

myocardium

Answer 13

cardiac muscle
thickest part of the wall
deep to the epicardium

Question 14

endocardium

Answer 14

connective tissue, squamous cells
folds form valves
line artia and ventricle cavities and structures projecting into the heart
three layers

Question 15

skeleton of the heart

Answer 15

fibrous rings separate the atria from the ventricles

Question 16

function of the heart valves

Answer 16

ensure unidirectional flow of blood through the heart

Question 17

tricuspid valve

Answer 17

R AV valve
closes in ventricular contraction

Question 18

pulmonary valve

Answer 18

semilunar valve
exits into the pulmonary arteries

Question 19

mitral valve

Answer 19

L AV valve
2 cusps
closes in ventricular contraction

Question 20

aortic valve

Answer 20

L ventricle to aorta
3 semilunar cusps

Question 21

Branches of the left coronary artery

Answer 21

anterior interventricular
circumflex

Question 22

branches of the right coronary artery

Answer 22

right marginal
posterior interventricular

Question 23

coronary artery disease

Answer 23

occluding major coronary artery
inadequate circulation to an area of myocardium

Question 24

cardiac conduction system

Answer 24

initiate and coordinate contraction
nodes and networks of specialized cardiac muscle cells
SA node
AV node
bundle of his
purkinje fibers

Question 25

cardiac innervation

Answer 25

autonomic innervation
regulate heart rate, force of contraction, cardiac output
PNS and SNS
superficial and deep parts

Question 26

superficial part of cardiac plexus

Answer 26

vagus nerve into cardiac branches

Question 27

deep part of cardiac plexus

Answer 27

cardiac nerves from sympathetic trunk, recurrent laryngeal nerves, vagus nerves feed into plexus over trachea bifurcation

Question 28

parasympathetic innervation of the heart function

Answer 28

decrease HR
reduced contractility
constrict coronary arteries

Question 29

function of sympathetic innervation in the heart

Answer 29

increase HR and contractility

Question 30

visceral afferents, position and function

Answer 30

through cardiac plexus returning to CNS
sense alterations in blood pressure and chemistry from vagal cardiac nerves
sense pain from cellular damage of the heart through sympathetic system

Question 31

heart failure defintion

Answer 31

heart cannot keep up with workload to deliver oxygen to the rest of the body

Question 32

ejection fraction

Answer 32

normal: 50-70% blood pumped out with each contraction
borderline: 41-49%
<40% is reduced EF

Question 33

incidence of chronic heart failure

Answer 33

6 mil in US currently, increasing to 9 mil
high mortality
30$ bil each year

Question 34

treatment for heart failure

Answer 34

exercise!