Cardiovascular 1

Question 1

order of contraction in heart

Answer 1

SA node
AV node
bundle of his
right bundle branch
left bundle branch
purkinje fibers

Question 2

depolarization vs repolarization

Answer 2

contraction vs relaxation

Question 3

phase 0

Answer 3

rapid depolarization

Question 4

phase 1

Answer 4

beginning of repolarization

Question 5

phase 2

Answer 5

plateau

Question 6

phase 3

Answer 6

rapid repolarization

Question 7

phase 4

Answer 7

slow depolarization

Question 8

most important ions in maintaining rhythm

Answer 8

K and Ca

Question 9

relative refractory period

Answer 9

only period where a cell can initiate its own action potential
occurs during end of phase 3

Question 10

absolute refractory period

Answer 10

period during action potential where cell can not stimulate action potential
occurs during phases 1, 2, 3

Question 11

p wave

Answer 11

atrial depolarization

Question 12

pr interval

Answer 12

how long it takes nerve impulse to get from SA nose to AV node to ventricular depolarization

Question 13

PR segment

Answer 13

impulses through AV node until ventricular depolarization

Question 14

QRS wave

Answer 14

ventricular depolarization

Question 15

ST segment

Answer 15

between ventricular depolarization and repolarization, part of absolute refractory period

Question 16

T wave

Answer 16

ventricular repolarization

Question 17

when does congestive heart failure occur

Answer 17

normal activity or at rest

Question 18

left ventricular failure “pulmonary congestion” symptoms

Answer 18

dyspnea, orthopnea, tachypnea, pulmonary edema, cough, nocturnal dyspnea

Question 19

right ventricular failure “venous congestion” symptoms

Answer 19

pitted edema, ascites

Question 20

congestive heart failure, right and left sided, symptoms

Answer 20

arrhythmias-death

Question 21

congestive heart failure therapy options

Answer 21

cardias glycosides lanoxin (Digoxin®)
general vasodilators
diuretics

Question 22

types of general vasodilators

Answer 22

nitrates- venodilators
hydralazine (Apresoline®)- arterial dilators
ACE inhibitors arterial and venodilators
angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)- arterial and venodilators
non selective BB- carvedilol (Coreg®) due to alpha 1 blockade

Question 23

uses for cardiac glycosides

Answer 23

CHF, arrhythmias

Question 24

MOA of cardiac glycosides

Answer 24

decrease heart rate, increase FOC, slow conduction through AV node

Question 25

side effects of cardiac glycosides

Answer 25

N/V/D, loss of appetite, vision problems, confusion, dizziness

Question 26

conditions when taking cardiac glycosides that pre-dispose to digitalis toxicity

Answer 26

hypokalemia, hypercalcemia

Question 27

do not give cardiac glycoside (digixon (Lanoxin®)) if

Answer 27

pulse is less than 60

Question 28

digitalis toxicity

Answer 28

cardiac- slow irregular pulse CNS- confusion, HA, delirium, vision changes, halos around dark object GI- N/V/D

Question 29

digoxin therapeutic serum level

Answer 29

.5 to 2 ng/mL toxic- >2.5ng/mL onset- rapid and short duration of action

Question 30

treatment of digitalis toxicity

Answer 30

discontinue drug, take serum level tests to see if K levels are low, K may be given to strengthen hearts ability to beat regularly (K-Dur)

Question 31

vasodilators

Answer 31

dilate veins and arteries decrease BP, blood preload and after load decrease oxygen demand increase CO

Question 32

main goal of vasodilators

Answer 32

increase CO

Question 33

what happens when organs receive less oxygen/blood from heart

Answer 33

brain- dizziness, drowsiness, less alert lungs- SOB, coughing kidneys- retain more water causing edema everywhere and in lungs- given diuretic

Question 34

2 types of dosing cardio tonic drugs

Answer 34

digitalizing dose and maintenance dose

Question 35

digitalizing dose

Answer 35

frequent and higher dose given to achieve desired blood levels

Question 36

maintenance dose

Answer 36

smaller regular doses given once/day to maintain blood levels

Question 37

positive inotropic

Answer 37

increases FOC | ex- cardiotonics/cardiac glycoside

Question 38

negative inotropic

Answer 38

decrease FOC | ex- BB, calcium channel blockers

Question 39

positive chronotropic

Answer 39

increase HR | ex- epinephrine (EpiPen®) and (Atropine®)

Question 40

negative chronotropic

Answer 40

decrease HR | ex- cardiac glycoside

Question 41

positive dromotropic

Answer 41

increase conduction velocity | ex- epinephrine (EpiPen®)

Question 42

negative dromotropic

Answer 42

decrease conduction velocity | ex- cardiac glycoside

Question 43

the 6 rights

Answer 43

patient, drug, dosage, route, time, documentation