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Pharmacology Unit 4 > Antiarrhythmics, Blood Disorders > Flashcards

Antiarrhythmics, Blood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Arrhythmias

A

abnormality in either the rate or rhythm of the heart

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2
Q

what do arrhythmias develop from

A

CHF, CAD, MI, drug therapy

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3
Q

symptoms of arrhythmias

A

mild palpitations, cardiac arrest

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4
Q

types of arrhythmias

A

tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, premature atria contraction, premature ventricle contraction

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5
Q

goal of anti-arrhythmics

A

to convert arrhythmia to normal rhythm

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6
Q

MOA of anti-arrhytmias

A

slows conduction velocity to AV node

prolongs the refractory period and action potential stimulation

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7
Q

classes of anti-arrhytmias

A 
class 1A
class 1B
class II
class II
class IV
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8
Q

MOA of class 1A and 1B anti-arrhytmics

A

blocks Na channels

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9
Q

what are class II anti-arrhytmics

A

beta blocker

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10
Q

MOA of class III anti-arrhytmics

A

blocks potassium channels

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11
Q

MOA of class IV anti-arrhytmics

A

blocks calcium channel

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12
Q

what are the 3 actions of nondihydropyridines on

A

cardiac muscles, heart conduction cells, vascular smooth muscle

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13
Q

MOA of nondihydropyridines

A

block calcium and SA and AV

causing decreases rate of SA and decreased conduction velocity of AV

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14
Q

anemia

A

reduction in hemoglobin in RBCs allowing for decrease in amount of oxygen transferred

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15
Q

types of anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia
vitamin b-12 deficiency anemia
folic acid defiency- can lead to megaloblastic anemia

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16
Q

uses of b-12

A

DNA synthesis and cell division
myelin sheath protection
protection of RBCs

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17
Q

types of vitamin b-12 anemia

A

pernicious anemia

megaloblastic anemia

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18
Q

how are vitamin b-12 anemias treated

A

cyanocobalamine

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19
Q

uses for folic acid

A

cell growth
cell reproduction
proteinsyntheis

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20
Q

how is folic acid deficiency/ megaloblastic anemia treated

A

folic acid

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21
Q

what cells migrate to tissue injury that are necessary for clot formation

A

platelets/thrombocytes

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22
Q

aggregation

A

when platelets stick to each other

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23
Q

thrombus

A

clot formation

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24
Q

thromboembolism

A

when clots are jammed in a blood vessel (moving clot)

25
what are anti-coagulants used for
against clot formation when clot mechanism becomes too active
26
5 conditions for giving an anticoagulant
``` deep vein thrombosis thrombophlebitis stroke MI pulmonary embolus ```
27
signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis
``` "ACHES" abdominal pain HA eye (vision changes) severe ("pinpoint" pain in legs) ```
28
how is heparin given
IV and sub Q only
29
MOA of heparin (anti-coagulant)
interferes with platelet aggregation | inhibits thromboplastin and thrombin activity
30
benefits of warfarin
given orally less side effects inexpensive
31
MOA of warfarin
blocks production of vitamin K in liver to reduce blood clotting
32
minor side effects of warfarin
gum bleeding, nosebleeds, easy bruising, heavier periods, bleeding takes longer to stop
33
major side effects of warfarin
red/brown urine, blood in vomit, severe HA, prolonged bleeding and excessive bruising
34
drug interactions with warfarin
avoid- ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, alcohol, and some supplements check before some antibiotics tylenol okay check first diet remain constant
35
side effects of anti-coagulants
prolonged bleeding- gums when brishing/shaving hematuria in stool unexplained epistaxis
36
prevention measures of side effects of anti-coagulants
``` gentle nose blowing use electric razor soft toothbrush ID card counsel before OTC meds ```
37
more side effects of anti-coagulants
hemorrhaging from blood vessel cauding decreased BP easy brusing heparin induced thrombocytopenia
38
subcategories of anti-coagulants
low molecular weight heparin | anti-
39
subcategories of anti-coagulants
heparin warfarin low molecular weight heparin anti-platelets
40
antidotes to anti-coagulants
``` heparin-protamine sulfate vitamin K (Coumadin®) ```
41
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
for heparin dosing | normal is 20-35 seconds for clot time
42
normal INR
1
43
normal INR fir pt on coumadin
2-3
44
when should give oral anti-coagulants after last IV heparin dose to get accurate reading
5 hours after
45
when should give oral anticoagulants after last sub-q heparin dose to get accurate reading
24 hours after
46
MOA of factor 10A inhibitors
direct factor Xa inhibitors are class of anticoagulant drug that act directly upon factor X in coagulation cascade
47
advantages direct factor Xa inhibitors
rapid onset and offset action which reduces bridging with anticoagulant don't require frequent monitoring or re-dosing lower risk of cranial bleeding
48
direct thrombin inhibitor uses
prevents strokes and clots in patients with atrial fibrillation, DVT, or pulmonary embolism
49
MOA of direct thrombin inhibitor
works on factor 2 in coagulation cascade
50
side effects of direct thrombin inhibitor
GI upset, bruising, nausea, bleeding
51
pros of direct thrombin inhibitor
few life-threatening bleeds including cranial
52
MOA of thrombolytic enzymes
stimulate plasminogen to change into plasmin to cause fibrinolysis to occur
53
uses for thrombolytic agents
arterial thrombosis DVT coronary artery thrombosis pulmonary emboli
54
uses for thrombolytic agents
arterial thrombosis DVT coronary artery thrombosis pulmonary emboli
55
when not to use anti-coagulants and enzymes
active bleeding tendancies hypertension ulcers recent surgery on brain or spinal cord
56
coagulants
vitamin k | thrombin- powder
57
uses for coagulants
nwborn to help clotting or whose mothers were on oral anti-coagulation therapy control bleeding during surgery hemophiliac - missing clotting factor VIII
58
CV contradictions to dental pts
acute MI unstable/onset of angina pectoris uncontrolled CHF/arrhythmias uncontrolled hypertension

Pharmacology Unit 4 (7 decks)

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