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Pharmacology Unit 4 > Antiarrhythmics, Blood Disorders > Flashcards

Antiarrhythmics, Blood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Arrhythmias

A

abnormality in either the rate or rhythm of the heart

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2
Q

what do arrhythmias develop from

A

CHF, CAD, MI, drug therapy

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3
Q

symptoms of arrhythmias

A

mild palpitations, cardiac arrest

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4
Q

types of arrhythmias

A

tachycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation, premature atria contraction, premature ventricle contraction

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5
Q

goal of anti-arrhythmics

A

to convert arrhythmia to normal rhythm

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6
Q

MOA of anti-arrhytmias

A

slows conduction velocity to AV node

prolongs the refractory period and action potential stimulation

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7
Q

classes of anti-arrhytmias

A 
class 1A
class 1B
class II
class II
class IV
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8
Q

MOA of class 1A and 1B anti-arrhytmics

A

blocks Na channels

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9
Q

what are class II anti-arrhytmics

A

beta blocker

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10
Q

MOA of class III anti-arrhytmics

A

blocks potassium channels

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11
Q

MOA of class IV anti-arrhytmics

A

blocks calcium channel

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12
Q

what are the 3 actions of nondihydropyridines on

A

cardiac muscles, heart conduction cells, vascular smooth muscle

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13
Q

MOA of nondihydropyridines

A

block calcium and SA and AV

causing decreases rate of SA and decreased conduction velocity of AV

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14
Q

anemia

A

reduction in hemoglobin in RBCs allowing for decrease in amount of oxygen transferred

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15
Q

types of anemia

A

iron deficiency anemia
vitamin b-12 deficiency anemia
folic acid defiency- can lead to megaloblastic anemia

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16
Q

uses of b-12

A

DNA synthesis and cell division
myelin sheath protection
protection of RBCs

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17
Q

types of vitamin b-12 anemia

A

pernicious anemia

megaloblastic anemia

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18
Q

how are vitamin b-12 anemias treated

A

cyanocobalamine

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19
Q

uses for folic acid

A

cell growth
cell reproduction
proteinsyntheis

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20
Q

how is folic acid deficiency/ megaloblastic anemia treated

A

folic acid

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21
Q

what cells migrate to tissue injury that are necessary for clot formation

A

platelets/thrombocytes

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22
Q

aggregation

A

when platelets stick to each other

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23
Q

thrombus

A

clot formation

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24
Q

thromboembolism

A

when clots are jammed in a blood vessel (moving clot)

25
Q

what are anti-coagulants used for

A

against clot formation when clot mechanism becomes too active

26
Q

5 conditions for giving an anticoagulant

A 
deep vein thrombosis 
thrombophlebitis 
stroke
MI
pulmonary embolus
27
Q

signs and symptoms of deep vein thrombosis

A 
"ACHES"
abdominal pain
HA
eye (vision changes)
severe ("pinpoint" pain in legs)
28
Q

how is heparin given

A

IV and sub Q only

29
Q

MOA of heparin (anti-coagulant)

A

interferes with platelet aggregation

inhibits thromboplastin and thrombin activity

30
Q

benefits of warfarin

A

given orally
less side effects
inexpensive

31
Q

MOA of warfarin

A

blocks production of vitamin K in liver to reduce blood clotting

32
Q

minor side effects of warfarin

A

gum bleeding, nosebleeds, easy bruising, heavier periods, bleeding takes longer to stop

33
Q

major side effects of warfarin

A

red/brown urine, blood in vomit, severe HA, prolonged bleeding and excessive bruising

34
Q

drug interactions with warfarin

A

avoid- ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, alcohol, and some supplements
check before some antibiotics
tylenol okay check first
diet remain constant

35
Q

side effects of anti-coagulants

A

prolonged bleeding-
gums when brishing/shaving
hematuria in stool
unexplained epistaxis

36
Q

prevention measures of side effects of anti-coagulants

A 
gentle nose blowing
use electric razor
soft toothbrush
ID card
counsel before OTC meds
37
Q

more side effects of anti-coagulants

A

hemorrhaging from blood vessel cauding decreased BP
easy brusing
heparin induced thrombocytopenia

38
Q

subcategories of anti-coagulants

A

low molecular weight heparin

anti-

39
Q

subcategories of anti-coagulants

A

heparin
warfarin
low molecular weight heparin
anti-platelets

40
Q

antidotes to anti-coagulants

A 
heparin-protamine sulfate
vitamin K (Coumadin®)
41
Q

partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

for heparin dosing

normal is 20-35 seconds for clot time

42
Q

normal INR

A

1

43
Q

normal INR fir pt on coumadin

A

2-3

44
Q

when should give oral anti-coagulants after last IV heparin dose to get accurate reading

A

5 hours after

45
Q

when should give oral anticoagulants after last sub-q heparin dose to get accurate reading

A

24 hours after

46
Q

MOA of factor 10A inhibitors

A

direct factor Xa inhibitors are class of anticoagulant drug that act directly upon factor X in coagulation cascade

47
Q

advantages direct factor Xa inhibitors

A

rapid onset and offset action which reduces bridging with anticoagulant
don’t require frequent monitoring or re-dosing
lower risk of cranial bleeding

48
Q

direct thrombin inhibitor uses

A

prevents strokes and clots in patients with atrial fibrillation, DVT, or pulmonary embolism

49
Q

MOA of direct thrombin inhibitor

A

works on factor 2 in coagulation cascade

50
Q

side effects of direct thrombin inhibitor

A

GI upset, bruising, nausea, bleeding

51
Q

pros of direct thrombin inhibitor

A

few life-threatening bleeds including cranial

52
Q

MOA of thrombolytic enzymes

A

stimulate plasminogen to change into plasmin to cause fibrinolysis to occur

53
Q

uses for thrombolytic agents

A

arterial thrombosis
DVT
coronary artery thrombosis
pulmonary emboli

54
Q

uses for thrombolytic agents

A

arterial thrombosis
DVT
coronary artery thrombosis
pulmonary emboli

55
Q

when not to use anti-coagulants and enzymes

A

active bleeding tendancies
hypertension
ulcers
recent surgery on brain or spinal cord

56
Q

coagulants

A

vitamin k

thrombin- powder

57
Q

uses for coagulants

A

nwborn to help clotting or whose mothers were on oral anti-coagulation therapy
control bleeding during surgery
hemophiliac - missing clotting factor VIII

58
Q

CV contradictions to dental pts

A

acute MI
unstable/onset of angina pectoris
uncontrolled CHF/arrhythmias
uncontrolled hypertension

Pharmacology Unit 4 (7 decks)

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