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Physical Conditions > Cardiopulmonary Disorders Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Disorders Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital heart defects effect how many babies born in the US?

A

8 out of every 1000 babies

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2
Q

What are common defects included in congenital heart disease in babies?

A

Atrial septal defects

Coarctation is the aorta

Patent ducts arteriosis (PDA)

Transposition of the great arteries

Tetralogy of fallot

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3
Q

What is atrial septal defect?

A

Opening in the septum b/n then left and right atrium

Associated with Down syndrome

May cause right side of heart to enlarge

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4
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Narrowing of the aorta

Associate with aortic valve abnormalities

Associates with tuner syndrome

May limit blood flow to the extremities

Can lead to ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement) and proximal aorta dilation

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5
Q

What is patent ducts arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Ductus arteriosus normally close after birth but don’t and remain open

Allow continuous left to right blood flow

Can cause hypertrophy of the left ventricle, chronic pulmonary artery hypertension or heart failure

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6
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries?

A

Aorta and pulmonary arteries are switched in position

Moms over 40

Causes- alcoholism, rubella, diabetes, poor nutrition during pregnancy

Symptoms- blue, clomping of fingers and toes

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7
Q

What is the tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary artery stenosis (narrowed valve)

Right ventricular hypertrophy (thickened muscle)

Overriding aorta

Large ventricular septal defect (blood can go to pulmonary artery or aorta)

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8
Q

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

Lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction that interferes with normal breathing

Most common- emphysema/ chronic bronchitis (affects 65 and older)

Leading cause- cig smoking

15 mil in US

Prevalent in women and smokers

Progressive

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD?

A

Chronic cough

Dyspnea

Wheezing

Chest tightness

Cyanosis- blue or grayish color of the skin, nails, lips or around the eyes

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10
Q

How can you manage COPD?

A

Spirometry test

Lifestyle changes

CT scan

Stop smoking

Inhalers

Antibiotics

Lung volume reduction surgery

Transplant

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11
Q

True or false:

COPD is the most common pulmonary disease and the 3rd leading cause of death in the US

A

True

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12
Q

What is the gold initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD)?

A

Classification of COPD severity

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13
Q

What is Bronchiectasis?

A

Lungs airways become damaged

Hard to clear mucus

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14
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Shortness of breath not caused by underlying disease

Ex’s: exercise, tight clothes, altitude etc

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15
Q

How is bronchitis COPD characterized by?

A

Chronic cough

Sputum production

Hypoxia- body or body region deprived if adequate O2 supply at tissue level

Hypercapnic- elevated CO2

Patients look cyanotic

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16
Q

How is emphysema COPD characterized by?

A

Less cough and sputum production

Less hypoxic

Less hypercapnic

Greater loss of alveoli- decreases elastic recoil of lungs= greater hyperinflation

17
Q

What are COPD intervention strategies?

A

Pharmacological regime

O2 therapy

Encourages to get Flu and pneumococcal vaccines

Chest PT

Pulmonary rehab

Nutritional counseling

Exercise

18
Q

What does pulmonary rehab assist with?

A

Fatigue

Anxiety

Breathing

Activity tolerance

Confidence

Independence

19
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Chromosome mutation

Airway destruction

  • production of thick mucus
  • adheres to airway surfaces
  • leads to infection, inflammation, obstruction
  • avg life expectancy 32 years
  • multi organ system involvement
  • hospitalizations for exacerbation if symptoms
20
Q

What are the characteristics of cystic fibrosis?

A

Characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections, progressive respiratory insufficiency, chronic cough with wheezing, dyspnea, bronchitis, pneumonia etc

21
Q

What is the pathogensis of cystic fibrosis?

A

Affects mechanism by sodium and chloride pass out of cells, producing thick mucus secretions that obstructs passages leading to infection and destruction of tissue

22
Q

What is the medical evaluation of cystic fibrosis?

A

Sweat test

23
Q

What is the treatment of cystic fibrosis?

A

Chest physiotherapy

Meds

Exercise

24
Q

How is asthma characterized?

A

By marked reversibility or airway obstruction and bronchial hyperactivity

  • allergic (extrinsic asthma)
  • nonallergic (intrinsic asthma)
25
Q

What are the mechanisms of an asthma attack?

A

Constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle lining the RT

excessive mucous production plugs the small airways obstructing flow

26
Q

What are symptoms of asthma?

A

Shortness of breath

Wheezing

Cough and mucus production

Severe attacks can lead to respiratory arrest

reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS)/ irritant indices asthma (IIA)

27
Q

How is asthma medically evaluated?

A

Complete history

Lab evaluation for CF (cystic fibrosis)

Psychological evaluation

PFTs

The AMA guides to the evaluation of permanent impairment 2008

28
Q

What is a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)?

A

Aims to improve blood flow to heart

Healthy artery or vein is connected to blocked artery

Can be on or off cardiopulmonary bypass pump (heart-lung machine)

Off pump- slows heart rate and surgeons develop ways to stabilize a beating heart

29
Q

What are the 3 graft sites for CABG?

A

1) saphenous vein from leg
2) radial artery from the arm
3) internal mammary artery from the chest wall

30
Q

What are sternum precautions following a CABG?

A

Limit horizontal abduction and bilateral arm extension

No lifting greater than 10lbs

Hold a pillow when moving, sneezing or coughing

31
Q

Why should you follow the sternum precautions?

A

Used to help protect sternum after open chest surgery

Prevent sternum from coming apart from an injury

Prevent pain and bleeding

Physical Conditions (14 decks)

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