Cardiopulmonary Disorders Flashcards
What is the heart surrounded by?
Pericardium
- fluid filled sac
- protects from trauma and infection
What is the outermost layer of the heart?
Epicardium
What is the muscle layer of the heart?
Myocardium
What is the inner most layer of the heart containing valves, vessels and chordae tendineae?
Endocardium
What are the upper airways in the pulmonary system?
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
What are the lower airways in the pulmonary system?
Trachea
Brochii
Lungs
What is lung parenchyma?
Portion of lung involved in gas exchange
Right lung (3 lobes) Left lung (2 lobes)
What does the upper airway do?
Humidifies and filters air
When air passes through the larynx does it cause the vocal chords to vibrate creating sound?
Yes
What does the epiglottis flap do?
Flaps over pharynx to prevent aspiration into the larynx and trachea
Where does gas exchange occur?
In the alveoli to remove CO2 and reoxygenate
What are alveoli surrounded by?
Capillaries
O2 crosses from alveoli to capillaries via diffusion and binds with hemoglobin
What is ventilation?
Inspiration and expiration
Occurs through pressure changes between the inside and outside of the body
What is inspiration?
Outside pressure greater than lung pressure
What is expiration?
Lung pressure is greater than outside pressure
What is perfusion?
Blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries
Where is the first line of defense in the pulmonary defense system?
Upper airway
What are other defense mechanisms of the pulmonary defense system?
Cough
Mucus
Immune system (phagocytosis)
What is a pulse rate?
of times heart beats per min
What is the blood pressure?
Force of blood pushing against the artery walls
What is O2 saturation?
% measure of the amount of O2 the blood is carrying
What is the normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?
Systolic- less than 120
Diastolic- less than 80
What is the prehypertension systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?
Systolic- 120-130
And
Diastolic- 80-90
What is the high blood pressure stage 1 systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?
Systolic- 140-159
Or
Diastolic- 90-99
What is the high blood pressure stage 2 systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?
Systolic- 160 or greater
Or
Diastolic- 100 or greater
What is the leading cause of men and women?
Heart disease
How many Americans have some form of CVD (cardiovascular disease)?
Greater than 80 mil
What is the major determinant if impaired function and disability of coronary heart disease (CHD)?
Angina (severe pain)
What is the treatment of CHD?
Lowering cholesterol
Weight reduction
Stop Smoking
Pharmaceutical intervention
Treatment in hospital
- PCI
- CABG
What are psychological and vocational implications of CHD?
Psychosocial stress syndrome
Depression
Type A personality
Denial
Economic loss
Reemployment
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Weakened heart muscle unable to pump blood efficiently
Over time heart chamber enlarges and less sufficient
Causes blood to back up (congest) in venous system
Tissues become overloaded (edematous)
5.1 mil Americans
15 mil worldwide
What are risk factors for CHF?
CAD most common cause of CHF
Hypertension
Previous damage to heart from MI
valvular disease
Congenital disease
Obesity
Stress
Thyroid disease
Congenital defects
Cardiomyopathies- hereditary disease of heart muscle harder to deliver blood throughout the body
What is myocardial infarction (MI)?
Heart attack
Occluded blood flow causes the heart muscle tissue to be w/o O2
Leading cause of death in US
4-8 week for heart muscle to heal depending on severity
What are risk factors of MI?
High BP
Diabetes
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
Alcohol
What are some symptoms in MI?
Chest pain
Cold sweats
Nausea
Vomiting
*different in women
How can you manage an MI?
Aspirin
Nitroglycerin
Coronary angioplasty
Stop smoking
Increase exercise
How can you determine the extent of damage from MI?
Location
Length of time
Presence of collateral circulation
What are some therapy contraindications?
Active signs and symptoms of MI
Active infection
Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
Digoxin toxicity
Uncontrolled arrhythmias
Severe CHF
recent pulmonary embolism
Abnormal vital signs or blood counts
What is hypertension?
High BP
140/90
Secondary hypertension caused by coexisting condition
29% US adults
Prevalent in African American females
Asymptomatic
Causes damage to kidneys/ heart
Use diuretics
What are arrhythmias?
Irregularity in rate/ rhythm due to conduction disturbance
Benign to serious
Caused by drug toxicity
Electrolyte/ acid-base imbalance
Heart disease/ hypertension
Congenital defects
Connective tissue disorder
What is the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
After SA node where does the impulse travel?
AV node and then the purkinje fibers of the ventricles
What is normal resting heart rate (HR)?
60-100 bpm
What is bradycardia?
Less than 60 bpm
What is tachycardia?
Greater than 100 bpm
What is asystole?
Absent of any cardiac activity = death
What is fibrillation?
Uncoordinated, extremely rapid and irregular contraction of the atria or ventricles
What is atrial fibrillation?
Most common arrhythmias
HR can be as high as 350-600 bpm
Chronic- can be treated with meds or shock
What is an atrial flutter?
250-350 bpm
Rapid, irregular HR
Saw tooth pattern in EKG
Treated with meds & / or atrial pacing or cardio version
Potential issue after cardiac surgery or MI
What is the bpm for ventricular HR?
20-40 bpm
What is ventricular tachycardia?
HR greater than 100 bpm
Differ therapy
Can be caused by heart disease or acute MI
What is ventricular fibrillation?
Serious condition that can lead to cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death
What is premature ventricular contraction (PVCs)?
Irregular rhythm but normal HR (60-100 bpm)
May be triggered by caffeine, stress, smoking, digitalis toxicity, heart disease, MI
What is the bpm for supraventricular tachycardia?
150-250 bpm
What is the bpm for the SA node?
60-100 bpm
What is the bpm for the AV node?
40-60 bpm
What is stenosis in a valvular disease?
Poor blood flow due to narrowing
What is regurgitation in a valvular disease?
Leakage (backflow) die to poor valve closure
What is prolapse in a valvular disease?
Affects mitral valve cusps
Leaflets bulge into left atrium
Can lead to serious issues like regurgitation
What is the respiratory rate?
of breaths per min
What are causes of valvular disease?
Endocarditis- bacterial infection of endocardium and calves
Rheumatic fever
Congenital heart disease
Cardiomyopathy- disease of myocardium
Aortic root dilation- aneurysm
Atherosclerotic heart disease
Connective tissue disorder- Marfan syndrome
