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Physical Conditions > Cardiopulmonary Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart surrounded by?

A

Pericardium

  • fluid filled sac
  • protects from trauma and infection
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2
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart?

A

Epicardium

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3
Q

What is the muscle layer of the heart?

A

Myocardium

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4
Q

What is the inner most layer of the heart containing valves, vessels and chordae tendineae?

A

Endocardium

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5
Q

What are the upper airways in the pulmonary system?

A

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx

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6
Q

What are the lower airways in the pulmonary system?

A

Trachea

Brochii

Lungs

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7
Q

What is lung parenchyma?

A

Portion of lung involved in gas exchange

Right lung (3 lobes)
Left lung (2 lobes)
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8
Q

What does the upper airway do?

A

Humidifies and filters air

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9
Q

When air passes through the larynx does it cause the vocal chords to vibrate creating sound?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What does the epiglottis flap do?

A

Flaps over pharynx to prevent aspiration into the larynx and trachea

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11
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli to remove CO2 and reoxygenate

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12
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Capillaries

O2 crosses from alveoli to capillaries via diffusion and binds with hemoglobin

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13
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Inspiration and expiration

Occurs through pressure changes between the inside and outside of the body

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14
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Outside pressure greater than lung pressure

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15
Q

What is expiration?

A

Lung pressure is greater than outside pressure

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16
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries

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17
Q

Where is the first line of defense in the pulmonary defense system?

A

Upper airway

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18
Q

What are other defense mechanisms of the pulmonary defense system?

A

Cough

Mucus

Immune system (phagocytosis)

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19
Q

What is a pulse rate?

A

of times heart beats per min

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20
Q

What is the blood pressure?

A

Force of blood pushing against the artery walls

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21
Q

What is O2 saturation?

A

% measure of the amount of O2 the blood is carrying

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22
Q

What is the normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?

A

Systolic- less than 120

Diastolic- less than 80

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23
Q

What is the prehypertension systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?

A

Systolic- 120-130

And

Diastolic- 80-90

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24
Q

What is the high blood pressure stage 1 systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?

A

Systolic- 140-159

Or

Diastolic- 90-99

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25
Q

What is the high blood pressure stage 2 systolic and diastolic blood pressure ranges?

A

Systolic- 160 or greater

Or

Diastolic- 100 or greater

26
Q

What is the leading cause of men and women?

A

Heart disease

27
Q

How many Americans have some form of CVD (cardiovascular disease)?

A

Greater than 80 mil

28
Q

What is the major determinant if impaired function and disability of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A

Angina (severe pain)

29
Q

What is the treatment of CHD?

A

Lowering cholesterol

Weight reduction

Stop Smoking

Pharmaceutical intervention

Treatment in hospital

  • PCI
  • CABG
30
Q

What are psychological and vocational implications of CHD?

A

Psychosocial stress syndrome

Depression

Type A personality

Denial

Economic loss

Reemployment

31
Q

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

Weakened heart muscle unable to pump blood efficiently

Over time heart chamber enlarges and less sufficient

Causes blood to back up (congest) in venous system

Tissues become overloaded (edematous)

5.1 mil Americans
15 mil worldwide

32
Q

What are risk factors for CHF?

A

CAD most common cause of CHF

Hypertension

Previous damage to heart from MI

valvular disease

Congenital disease

Obesity

Stress

Thyroid disease

Congenital defects

Cardiomyopathies- hereditary disease of heart muscle harder to deliver blood throughout the body

33
Q

What is myocardial infarction (MI)?

A

Heart attack

Occluded blood flow causes the heart muscle tissue to be w/o O2

Leading cause of death in US

4-8 week for heart muscle to heal depending on severity

34
Q

What are risk factors of MI?

A

High BP

Diabetes

Smoking

Sedentary lifestyle

Alcohol

35
Q

What are some symptoms in MI?

A

Chest pain

Cold sweats

Nausea

Vomiting

*different in women

36
Q

How can you manage an MI?

A

Aspirin

Nitroglycerin

Coronary angioplasty

Stop smoking

Increase exercise

37
Q

How can you determine the extent of damage from MI?

A

Location

Length of time

Presence of collateral circulation

38
Q

What are some therapy contraindications?

A

Active signs and symptoms of MI

Active infection

Acute myocarditis or pericarditis

Digoxin toxicity

Uncontrolled arrhythmias

Severe CHF

recent pulmonary embolism

Abnormal vital signs or blood counts

39
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High BP

140/90

Secondary hypertension caused by coexisting condition

29% US adults

Prevalent in African American females

Asymptomatic

Causes damage to kidneys/ heart

Use diuretics

40
Q

What are arrhythmias?

A

Irregularity in rate/ rhythm due to conduction disturbance

Benign to serious

Caused by drug toxicity

Electrolyte/ acid-base imbalance

Heart disease/ hypertension

Congenital defects

Connective tissue disorder

41
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

42
Q

After SA node where does the impulse travel?

A

AV node and then the purkinje fibers of the ventricles

43
Q

What is normal resting heart rate (HR)?

A

60-100 bpm

44
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

Less than 60 bpm

45
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

Greater than 100 bpm

46
Q

What is asystole?

A

Absent of any cardiac activity = death

47
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

Uncoordinated, extremely rapid and irregular contraction of the atria or ventricles

48
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Most common arrhythmias

HR can be as high as 350-600 bpm

Chronic- can be treated with meds or shock

49
Q

What is an atrial flutter?

A

250-350 bpm

Rapid, irregular HR

Saw tooth pattern in EKG

Treated with meds & / or atrial pacing or cardio version

Potential issue after cardiac surgery or MI

50
Q

What is the bpm for ventricular HR?

A

20-40 bpm

51
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A

HR greater than 100 bpm

Differ therapy

Can be caused by heart disease or acute MI

52
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

Serious condition that can lead to cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death

53
Q

What is premature ventricular contraction (PVCs)?

A

Irregular rhythm but normal HR (60-100 bpm)

May be triggered by caffeine, stress, smoking, digitalis toxicity, heart disease, MI

55
Q

What is the bpm for supraventricular tachycardia?

A

150-250 bpm

56
Q

What is the bpm for the SA node?

A

60-100 bpm

57
Q

What is the bpm for the AV node?

A

40-60 bpm

58
Q

What is stenosis in a valvular disease?

A

Poor blood flow due to narrowing

59
Q

What is regurgitation in a valvular disease?

A

Leakage (backflow) die to poor valve closure

60
Q

What is prolapse in a valvular disease?

A

Affects mitral valve cusps

Leaflets bulge into left atrium

Can lead to serious issues like regurgitation

61
Q

What is the respiratory rate?

A

of breaths per min

62
Q

What are causes of valvular disease?

A

Endocarditis- bacterial infection of endocardium and calves

Rheumatic fever

Congenital heart disease

Cardiomyopathy- disease of myocardium

Aortic root dilation- aneurysm

Atherosclerotic heart disease

Connective tissue disorder- Marfan syndrome

Physical Conditions (14 decks)

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