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536 > Cardiopulmonary A&P > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What structures does the right coronary artery supply?

A

-RT atrium and ventricle
-inferior wall of LT ventricle
-AV and SA node (60% population)
-bundle of his

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2
Q

What structures does the LT coronary artery supply?

A

-“the widow maker”
-LT anterior descending (LT ventricle, septum, inferior apex)
-LT circumflex (lateral and inferior walls of LT ventricle, SA node)

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3
Q

Name the 5 layers of the heart from outer to inner

A

fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium), myocardium, endocardium

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4
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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5
Q

What is the serous pericardium composed of?

A

visceral and parietal pericardium

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6
Q

4 main characteristics/functions of myocardium

A

-Automaticity: pacemaker cells keep heart moving w/o conscious voluntary control
-Conductivity: gap junctions between myocytes allow them to depolarize as a group
-O2 demand
-Contractility: affected by sympathetic stimulation, hormonal circulation, preload and afterload

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7
Q

What are the 4 main valves? Describe their location

A

-tricuspid (atrioventricular): RT atrium and RT ventricle
-mitral (atrioventricular): LT atrium and LT ventricle
-pulmonary (semilunar): RT ventricle and pulmonary artery
-aortic (semilunar): LT ventricle and aorta

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8
Q

Describe the blood flow of deoxygenated blood to lungs

A

deoxygenated blood from vena cava -> RT atrium -> through tricuspid valve -> RT ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs

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9
Q

Describe the blood flow of oxygenated blood

A

oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins -> LT atrium -> through mitral valve -> LT ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> body

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10
Q

Equation for hemodynamics

A

CO = HR x SV

CO - cardiac output
HR - heart rate
SV - stroke volume

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11
Q

What is cardiac output? At rest rate?

A

Amount of blood ejected out of the LT ventricle into the body per minute

at rest, 4-5 L/min

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12
Q

What is stroke volume? Rate?

A

Amount of blood ejected out of the LT ventricle per beat
SV = end diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV)

55-100mL/beat

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13
Q

What 3 things affect SV? Briefly describe each

A

Preload: “EDV”; amount of filling and stretch on cardiac muscle pre-contraction

Afterload: force LT ventricle generates to overcome aortic pressure to open aortic valve (resistance heart contraction pushes against); inversely related to SV

Contractility: force of cardiac contraction in Lt ventricle (affected by sympathetic stimulation and O2 supply)

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14
Q

What is Frank-Starling Law?

A

-cardiac contractility is dependent on preload
-increased cardiac contractility results in greater stroke volume

the greater the EDV, the greater the stx and volume pumped

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15
Q

What is ejection fraction (EF)? Normal range? Equation? Low EF indicator of what?

A

Percentage of blood emptied from ventricle during systole; 60-70%

EF = SV/LVEDV

Indicator of cardiomyopathy or heart failure

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16
Q

What influences does sympathetic stimulation (adrenergic) have on heart?

A

-control in medulla via T1-T4
-SA node, AV, conduction pathways
-increases HR, force of myocardial contraction, O2 demand
-coronary artery vasodilation

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17
Q

What influences does parasympathetic stimulation (cholinergic) have on heart?

A

-control in medulla via vagus nerve, cardiac plexus
-innervates SA and AV nodes
-slows rate and force of myocardial contraction, less O2 demand
-coronary artery vasoconstriction

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18
Q

Chemoreceptor location and function

A

found in carotid body; sense CO2, O2, and pH which affect HR and RR (also affect sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation)

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19
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

aorta and carotid sinus

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20
Q

What does the circulatory reflex respond to? Describe what happens w/ increased and decreased BP

A

BP changes

Increased BP - parasympathetic stimulation; decreases rate and force of contraction

Decreased BP - sympathetic stimulation, increased HR and BP, vasoconstriction

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21
Q

What are the 6 ion concentration terms?

A

hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia

22
Q

Describe what the 6 ion concentrations are and what they do

A

hyperkalemia: increased potassium (decrease HR, decrease contractile force, arrhythmias, EKG changes)

hypokalemia: decreased potassium (EKG changes)

hypercalcemia: increased calcium (increased HR and increased contractility)

hypocalcemia: decreased calcium (may cause arrhythmias)

hypermagnesemia: increased magnesium (Ca blocker, arrhythmias or cardiac arrest, hypotension, confusion, lethargy)

hypomagnesemia: decreased magnesium (ventricular arrhythmias, CA vasospasm)

23
Q

What are the 8 main structures of the electrical system of the heart?

A

SA and AV node, internodal tracts, Bachmann’s bundle, Bundle of His, RT bundle, LT bundle, Purkinje fibers

24
Q

What is systole?

A

Period of contraction while the heart pumps blood into circulation

25
Q

What is diastole?

A

Period of relaxation as the chambers fill with blood

26
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Phase 1: filling period
Phase 2: isovolumic contraction
Phase 3: ejection
Phase 4: isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

27
Q

How many lobes does each lung have?

A

RT: 3
LT: 2

28
Q

What are the 8 segments of the lungs?

A

Apical, anterior, superior, medial, lateral, inferior, anterior basal, posterior

29
Q

What makes up the pleurae of the lungs? Functions?

A

-visceral (innermost) and parietal (outermost) pleurae, pleural cavity, pleural fluid
-cushions and lubricates lungs during expansion and retraction

30
Q

What innervates the parietal pleura? What sensations do they sense?

A

-phrenic and intercostal nerves
-pain, temp, and touch

31
Q

What is the purpose of pleural fluid? What happens if there’s no pleural fluid?

A

-creates surface tension to keep lungs in place and allows lungs to expand
-pneumothorax

32
Q

Muscles of inspiration

A

Accessory: SCM, scalenes
Principal: external intercostals, diaphragm

33
Q

Muscles/structures of expiration for quiet and active breathing

A

Quiet: passive recoil from lungs and rib cage

Active: internal intercostals, rectus abdominus, external and internal oblique, TA

34
Q

Describe the role of each inspiratory muscle

A

-SCM: elevates the sternum
-scalenes: elevate upper ribs
-external intercostals: elevate rib cage
-diaphragm: elevates the lower ribs

35
Q

Describe the role of each muscle involved with expiration

A

-internal intercostals: depresses ribs
-abdominals: depresses lower ribs, compresses abdominal contents and pushes diaphragm upward

36
Q

Describe what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration and expiration

A

Inspiration: it contracts
Expiration: it relaxes

37
Q

What types of pressure does breathing depend on?

A

Atmospheric, intra-alveolar, intrapleural

38
Q

Describe the difference between the surface tension of the alveoli and within the pleural cavity

A

Alveoli: elasticity of the lungs and surface tension of the alveoli create an inward pull

Pleural cavity: surface tension within cavity creates an outward pull

39
Q

Describe the difference between the surface tension of the alveoli and within the pleural cavity

A

Alveoli: elasticity of the lungs and surface tension of the alveoli create an inward pull

Pleural cavity: surface tension within cavity creates an outward pull

40
Q

What parts of the brain primarily control breathing?

A

Medulla and pons

41
Q

Describe the affects of CO2, pH levels, and chemoreceptors with respiration

A

CO2 increases -> pH decreases -> stimulates respiratory centers in medulla to contract diaphragm and external intercostals -> increases rate and depth of respiration

CO2 decreases -> pH increases -> causes respiratory centers to lower rate and depth of respiration

42
Q

What molecules make up hemoglobin (Hgb)?

A

4 iron (hemes) and 4 protein (globins)

43
Q

What are the various forms of Hgb in blood?

A

Oxyhemoglobin: Hgb carrying O2

Doxyhemoglobin: Hgb that released O2 to peripheral tissue

Carboxyhemglobin: Hgb bound to CO instead of O2 (abnormal)

44
Q

What % of O2 is transported to the periphery? Where is the rest transported?

A

98% periphery, 2% plasma

45
Q

What is SaO2? How is it calculated? What’s it called when measured w/ a pulse oximeter?

A

Blood gas analysis

Oxyhemoglobin/total hemoglobin

SpO2

46
Q

What determines the O2 carrying capacity of the body? Women rate? Men rate?

A

Concentration of Hgb

Women: 12-16 g/dL
Men: 13-16 g/dL

47
Q

What condition occurs if someone’s Hgb concentration is lower than normal?

A

Anemia

48
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Respiratory zone, bottom of the lungs since there is smaller more abundant alveoli

49
Q

What is the goal for gas exchange?

A

Ventilation (V) to be matched to perfusion (Q)

50
Q

What do areas of the lungs with greater perfusion act as? What are areas with greater ventilation considered?

A

Shunts, dead space

51
Q

What do areas of the lungs with greater perfusion act as? What are areas with greater ventilation considered?

A

Shunts, dead space

536 (9 decks)

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