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ACP Entrance Exam > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm definition?

A

Localized dilation of the wall of the abdominal aorta.

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2
Q

Aneurysm definition?

A

Dilation of a vessel.

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3
Q

Most common cause of aneurysm?

A

Atherosclerotic disease. Most aneurysms develop at the weak point in the wall of an artery.

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4
Q

Most common site for an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm?.

A

Below the renal arteries and above the branching of the common iliac arteries.

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5
Q

Unexplained hypotension, unexplained syncope, sudden onset of “ripping” or “tearing” abdominal or back pain, low back or flank pain unrelieved by rest or changes in position, peritoneal irritation, urge to defecate, pulsating mass felt above the umbilicus left of midline: are all signs and symptoms of what?

A

Leaking of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

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6
Q

Often a patient with a rupturing aneurysm has syncope followed by hypotension with bradycardia despite the loss of blood, why?

A

Stimulation of the vagus nerve. Fibers of the vagus nerve wrap around the aorta, when the aorta tears, the tear stretches these fibers causing bradycardia.

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7
Q

Dissecting aorta aneurysm occurs most commonly in which area?

A

Ascending aorta.

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8
Q

Severe pain in the back, epigastrium, abdomen, or extremities. They often describe this pain as the most intense pain they have ever experienced. Characterized as “ripping”, “tearing”, or “sharp and cutting like a knife.” Often originates in the back between the scapula. Possibly down the legs. These are all signs and symptoms of what?

A

Dissecting aortic aneurysm.

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9
Q

typically the pericardial sac holds how much fluid?

A

25cc (mL)

between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

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10
Q

treatment of pericardial tamponade is?

A

pericardiocentisis - aspiration of fluid from the pericardium

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11
Q

what are the two main types of cardiomyopathies?

A

dilated - thinning of the myocardium

hypertrophic - thickening of ventricular wall and septum. stiff noncompliant chamber usually LV

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12
Q

DEFINITION

Contraction of the atria and ventricles.

A

Systole

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13
Q

DEFINITION

Relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

A

Diastole

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14
Q

DEFINTION

The volume of blood ejected from one ventricle in a single heartbeat.

A

Stroke volume

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15
Q

Stoke volume depends on 3 factors, what are they?

A

Preload

Afterload

Myocardial contractility

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16
Q

DEFINITION

The volume of blood returning from the heart.

A

Preload

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17
Q

DEFINITION

The total resistance against which blood must be pumped. Also known as peripheral vascular resistance.

A

Afterload

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18
Q

DEFINITION

The intrinsic ability of the heart to contractility independently of preload and afterload.

Performance of the cardiac muscle.

A

Myocardial contractility

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19
Q

DEFINITION

The volume of blood returning to each ventricle.

Happens during preload stage of the cardiac cycle.

A

End-diastolic volume

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20
Q

___ mL is the amount of blood ejected during each cardiac cycle for the average adult.

A

70 mL

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21
Q

DEFINITION

A rule that the force of the heartbeat is determined by the length of the fibers making up the myocardial walls.

Myocardial fibers contract more forcefully when they are stretched.

A

Starling’s Law of the heart

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22
Q

The greater the BLANK, the more difficult it is for the left ventricle to pump blood to the body.

A

Afterload

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23
Q

DEFINTION

Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in one minute.

A

Cardiac output

24
Q

The autonomic nervous system innervates the BLANK and BLANK

A

atria and ventricles

25
Q

The BLANK are supplied by sympathetic nerves

A

ventricles

26
Q

Parasympathetic control of the heart is accomplished through the BLANK.

A

Vagus nerve

27
Q

DEFINITION

Pertaining to the force or energy of muscle contraction, particularly contractions of the heart.

A

Inotropic

28
Q

DEFINITION

Pertaining to agents that affect the heart rate; a drug that increases the heart rate is said to have a positive effect.

A

Chronotropic

29
Q

DEFINITION

Pretraining to agents that affect conduction velocity through the conducting tissues of the heart; a drug that speeds conduction is said to have a positive effect.

A

Dromotropic

30
Q

What is Becks Triad?

A

Distended jugular veins
Distant muffled heart sounds
Decreased in systolic blood pressure

3D’s
BP is opposite of Cushing’s Reflex (low vs high)

31
Q

What is the name of the valve in the heart between the R atria and R ventricle?

A

Tricuspid

One trick to remembering the name of this valve is that you “TRI to do RIGHT” (as in tricuspid rhymes with right). Another memory aid is you have to TRI before you BI (right side before left side).

32
Q

What is the name of the valve in the heart between the L atria and L ventricle?

A

Bicuspid (Mitral)

One trick to remembering the name of this valve is that you “TRI to do RIGHT” (as in tricuspid rhymes with right). Another memory aid is you have to TRI before you BI (right side before left side).

33
Q

Where is the apex of the heart?

A

Bottom of the heart just above the diaphragm

34
Q

Where is the base of the heart?

A

Top of the heart.

Great vessels connect to the heart through the base.

35
Q

What are the three layers of the heart from outermost to innermost?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Hint EPI like the outer layer of our skin

36
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves in the heart?

A

Tricuspid (3 leaflets)

Mitral / Bicuspid (2 leaflets)

37
Q

What are the semilunar valves in the heart?

A

Pulmonic

Aortic

38
Q

What are the three parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending - comes directly off the heart

Thoracic - curves inferiorly and goes through the chest (thorax)

Abdominal - goes through the diaphragm and enters the abdomen

39
Q

Coronary Circulation

Left coronary supplies what arteries of the heart?

A

left ventricle
intraventricular septum
part of the right ventricle
the conduction system

40
Q

What are the two main branches of the Left coronary arteries (LCA)?

A

Anterior descending and circumflex

41
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply blood to?

A

Right atria
Right ventricle
Part of the conduction system

42
Q

What are the two branches of the right coronary arteries?

A

Posterior descending and marginal

43
Q

Definition

Period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac ventricle filling and coronary perfusion occur. Blood enters thru the mitral and tricuspid valves. Pulmonic and aortic valves closed.

First phase

A

Diastole

44
Q

Definition

The period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting.

Second phase.

Atria contract first to finish emptying blood into the ventricles. Atria kick boost cardiac output.

A

Systole

45
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

46
Q

Within the sympathetic nervous system, what are the two principal types of receptors?

A

Alpha and beta

47
Q

What is the chemical neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

48
Q

What do Alpha cells do in the peripheral blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction

49
Q

What does beta 1 receptors do?

A

Primary located in the heart.

Increase heart rate and contractility

Beta blocking medication effect B1 receptors. They want to slow down heart rate and decrease blood pressure.

50
Q

What does beta 2 receptors do?

A

Primarily located in the lungs.

Bronchodilaton and peripheral vasodilation.

51
Q

What is the tenth cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

52
Q

What is the chemical neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

Decrease heart rate and atrioventricular conduction

53
Q

Definition

Pertaining to heart rate

A

Chronotropy

54
Q

Definition

Pertaining to cardiac contractile force (strength of contraction)

A

Inotropy

55
Q

Definitions

Speed of impulse transmission in the autonomic control of the heart.

A

Dromotropy

ACP Entrance Exam (17 decks)

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