Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Directional terms used by medical professionals refer to the human body in the BLANK position, describes a person standing erect with the feet and palms facing examiner.
Anatomical
The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane runs vertically through the middle of the body creating right and left section.
Sagittal
The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The plane that is to one side of the midline is said to be BLANK.
Parasagittal
The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane divides the body into top and bottom sections known as superior and inferior.
Transverse or horizontal
The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane divides the body into front and back, these are known as anterior and posterior sections.
Frontal or coronal
The human body is divided into a number of regions. This division helps to organize anatomical structures. The BLANK region is made up of the limbs or extremities.
Appendicular
The human body is divided into a number of regions. This division helps to organize anatomical structures. The BLANK region is made up of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.
Axial
The thorax contains two pleural cavities and a pericardial cavity. These cavities are lined with a serous membrane. The serous membrane that comes into contact with the organ is BLANK.
Visceral
The thorax contains two pleural cavities and a pericardial cavity. These cavities are lined with a serous membrane. The serous membrane that comes into contact with the cavity wall is BLANK
Parietal
How many vertebrae compose the spine?
33
What is the costal margin?
Lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage. Sometimes referred to as the costal arch, the costal margin is the medial margin formed by the seventh to tenth ribs.
Where is the cardiac sphincter?
Located where the lower end of the esophagus joins the stomach. The muscle serves as a valve that contracts to prevent acid reflux and relaxes to allow food to pass.
What are the four lobes of the brain?
parietal
frontal
occipitial
cortex
List the solid organs of the body?
Liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys.
List the hallow organs of the body?
stomach
gallbladder
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
large intestines (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus)
urinary bladder
Essential role in digestion and breaking down food to smaller particles.
Amylase in salivary glad secretions begins the digestive process
What am I?
Mouth
Hallow muscular tube that transports food from mouth to stomach
What am I?
Esophagus
Hallow organ in LUQ, receives food from esophagus to continue the digestive process.
Covered by mucus membrane to protect itself from the low pH of the hydrochloric acid
What am I?
Stomach
Major sites of digestion and absorption.
Food moves through with a process called peristalsis.
What am I?
Intestines
Most digestion and absorption occurs in me.
partially digested food empties into duodenum from the stomach at the pyloric sphincter.
digested food reaches the ileum and enters the large intestine via the ileocecal valve
what am I?
small intestine
I begin at the ileocecal valve and am divided into four principle regions
absorb essential vitamins produced by gut bacteria
re-absorbs water from feces
production of feces
what am I?
large intestine
produces saliva that lubricates food for easier
passage produce amylase the initiates the digestive process
what am I?
salivary glands
play a major role in processing food into a form useable by the digestive system
what am I?
teeth
largest organ in the body
located in the RUQ
secretes bile for the digestion of fats
responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins
detoxification of toxins (alcohol)
excretion of bilirubin
storage of glycogen
what am I?
liver
located behind the liver
store bile
after eating a fatty meal, I secrete bile via the cystic duct to the duodenum
what am I?
gall bladder
lies behind the stomach and cross the LUQ and the RUQ
secretes digestive enzymes called “_____ juice”
has endocrine function as well, the islets of Langerhans secrete hormones such as glucagon, insulin and somatostatin
what am I?
pancreas
paired organs located in the flanks
contain nephrons which are the functional units. nephrons responsible for filtering blood, returning useful substances, removing non useful substances, producing urine.
Have an endocrine function secreting the hormone’s angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide. these hormones play a part in the regulation of BP and in maintaining fluid electrolyte balance.
what am I?
kidneys
tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder
location for kidney stones to lodge
what am I?
ureters
located in the pelvis
receives and stores urine from the kidneys
what am I?
urinary bladder
tube that drains the bladder to outside
shorter in females vs males
what am I?
urethra
small walnut sized organs located adjacent to the uterus
produce female hormones and the component of reproduction, the ovum
what am I?
ovaries
hollow tubes connecting the ovary to the uterus
pathway for ovum transport from ovary to uterus
fertilization occurs in me
open end allows for direct access to abdominal cavity and uterus
site for implantation of fertilized ovum, resulting in ectopic pregnancy
what am I?
fallopian tube
hollow muscular organ located low in pelvic region
inferior portion called the cervix enters the vagina, the superior portion is the fundus
site for implantation and fetal development
what am I?
uterus
extends from uterus to vulva
functions as birth canal
what am I?
vagina
responsible for producing male hormones and sperm
what am I?
testes
small appendages on the tests serving as a reservoir for sperm
what am I?
epididymis
located at the base of the bladder
responsible for production of fluid to transport sperm
as men age it may become enlarged (BPH) and obstructing urine flow
prostate
small muscular tube responsible for transport of sperm from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation
vasectomy is male birth control procedure, involves cutting of me
what am I?
vas deferens
male organ of copulation
contains sperm
what am I?
penis
what part of the body acts as a thermostat
hypothalamus
the primary source of upper airway obstruction in an unconscious patient?
tongue
BLANK is an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and the vagus nerve pass. It is located in the right crus, one of the two tendinous structures that connect the diaphragm to the spine.
esophageal hiatus
BLANK is a rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side. It is congenital, which means people are born with this abnormality
Dextrocardia
how many bones are in a human body?
206
every bone in the body connects to at least one other bone by the way of joints except?
hyoid bone
what are the three classes of joints?
synovial = contain synovial fluid that allows for considerable movement. Most joints in the appendicular skeleton are synovial (elbow, knee, shoulder, hip)
cartilaginous = unite two bones by means of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, these joints are slightly moveable (epiphyseal plate of a growing bone and intervertebral disks)
fibrous = two bones that have little or no movement and are united by fibrous tissue (skull).
what are the three major types of muscle?
smooth
cardiac
skeletal *most common
Are muscles connected to bones by?
tendons
Are bone connected to cartilage by?
ligaments
_____ mL of blood may be released into the lower leg from a tibial or fibular fracture
_____ mL of blood may be released into the thigh from a femoral fracture
_____ mL of blood may be released into the pelvis from a pelvic fracture
500
1000
2000
how many teeth does a normal adult have?
32
heart is a muscular organ, how much does it weight?
250 g ~ size of fist
top of the heart is called ___?
bottom of the heart is called _____?
base
apex
What are the organs that make up the mediastinum?
heart
lungs
…
what are the layers of the heart from inner most layer to outer most layer?
endocardium
myocardium
pericardium (2 layers visceral also called the epicardium and parietal)
How much fluid is normally contained in the pericardial space?
25 cc
what are the four chambers of the heart?
right atria
right ventricle
left atria
left ventricle
where is the tricuspid valve located?
between the right atria and right ventricle
Mnemonic TRI to get the valve RIGHT
where is the mitral valve located?
between the left artria and left ventricle
where is the aortic valve located?
between the left atria and pulmonary vein
where is the pulmonary valve located?
between the right atria and the pulmonary artery
left coronary artery supplies blood flow to what parts of the heart?
left ventricle
interventricular septum
part of the right ventricle
part of the conduction system
right coronary artery supplies blood flow to what parts of the heart?
portion of the right atrium
right ventricle
part of the conduction system
cardiac cycle definition?
time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next
diastole cycle definition?
time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur.
pulmonic valve closed
aortic valve closed
mitral valve open
tricuspid valve open
systole cycle definition?
myocardium is contracting
pulmonic valve open
aortic valve open
mitral valve closed
tricuspid valve closed
chronotropy definition?
pertaining to heart rate
inotrophy definition?
cardiac contractile force
dromotrophy definition?
speed of impulse transmission
cardiac conduction excitability definition?
ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus
cardiac conduction automaticity definition?
pacemaker cells’ capability of self-depolarization
cardiac conduction contractility definition?
ability of muscle cells to contract or shorten
stroke volume definition?
amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction
what are the three factors that affect stroke volume?
preload - amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole
cardiac contractile force - strength of contraction of the heart
afterload - resistance against which the ventrile must contract
What are risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
age carbohydrate intolerance cigarette smoking cocaine use diabetes family history hypercholesterolemia = hyperlipidemia hypertension previous MI's
left coronary artery carries ___ % of the blood supply to the myocardium.
85
Left coronary artery two main branches are the BLANK and BLANK
left anterior descending (LAD) and the circumflex
Left coronary artery two main branches are the BLANK and BLANK
Right anterior descending and the marginal branch
from the lungs the blood travels through BLANK pulmonary veins back to the left atrium
4
DEFINITION
The priming force contributed by atrial contraction immediately before ventricular systole that acts to increase the efficiency of ventricular ejection due to acutely increased preload.
atrial kick
Once the left ventricle receives ___ % of it’s volume, the left atrium contracts
70%
List the parts of the small intestine in order.
duodenum, jejunum, ileum = DJI
List the parts of the large intestine in order.
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
CATDSR (cat with a camera)
What are the 12 Cranial Nerves?
O: olfactory nerve (CN I) O: optic nerve (CN II) O: oculomotor nerve (CN III) T: trochlear nerve (CN IV) T: trigeminal nerve(CN V) A: abducens nerve (CN VI) F: facial nerve (CN VII) A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII) G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) V: vagus nerve (CN X) S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) H: hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Mnemonic Ooh, Ooh, Ooh, to touch and feel virgin girls vagina. Such heaven!
