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ACP Entrance Exam > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Directional terms used by medical professionals refer to the human body in the BLANK position, describes a person standing erect with the feet and palms facing examiner.

A

Anatomical

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2
Q

The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane runs vertically through the middle of the body creating right and left section.

A

Sagittal

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3
Q

The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The plane that is to one side of the midline is said to be BLANK.

A

Parasagittal

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4
Q

The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane divides the body into top and bottom sections known as superior and inferior.

A

Transverse or horizontal

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5
Q

The relationships of internal body structures are classified into anatomical planes. These planes maybe viewed as imaginary straight-line divisions of the human body. The BLANK plane divides the body into front and back, these are known as anterior and posterior sections.

A

Frontal or coronal

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6
Q

The human body is divided into a number of regions. This division helps to organize anatomical structures. The BLANK region is made up of the limbs or extremities.

A

Appendicular

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7
Q

The human body is divided into a number of regions. This division helps to organize anatomical structures. The BLANK region is made up of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen.

A

Axial

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8
Q

The thorax contains two pleural cavities and a pericardial cavity. These cavities are lined with a serous membrane. The serous membrane that comes into contact with the organ is BLANK.

A

Visceral

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9
Q

The thorax contains two pleural cavities and a pericardial cavity. These cavities are lined with a serous membrane. The serous membrane that comes into contact with the cavity wall is BLANK

A

Parietal

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10
Q

How many vertebrae compose the spine?

A

33

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11
Q

What is the costal margin?

A

Lower edge of the chest (thorax) formed by the bottom edge of the rib cage. Sometimes referred to as the costal arch, the costal margin is the medial margin formed by the seventh to tenth ribs.

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12
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter?

A

Located where the lower end of the esophagus joins the stomach. The muscle serves as a valve that contracts to prevent acid reflux and relaxes to allow food to pass.

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13
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

parietal
frontal
occipitial
cortex

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14
Q

List the solid organs of the body?

A

Liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys.

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15
Q

List the hallow organs of the body?

A

stomach
gallbladder
small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
large intestines (cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus)
urinary bladder

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16
Q

Essential role in digestion and breaking down food to smaller particles.

Amylase in salivary glad secretions begins the digestive process

What am I?

A

Mouth

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17
Q

Hallow muscular tube that transports food from mouth to stomach

What am I?

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

Hallow organ in LUQ, receives food from esophagus to continue the digestive process.

Covered by mucus membrane to protect itself from the low pH of the hydrochloric acid

What am I?

A

Stomach

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19
Q

Major sites of digestion and absorption.

Food moves through with a process called peristalsis.

What am I?

A

Intestines

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20
Q

Most digestion and absorption occurs in me.

partially digested food empties into duodenum from the stomach at the pyloric sphincter.

digested food reaches the ileum and enters the large intestine via the ileocecal valve

what am I?

A

small intestine

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21
Q

I begin at the ileocecal valve and am divided into four principle regions

absorb essential vitamins produced by gut bacteria

re-absorbs water from feces

production of feces

what am I?

A

large intestine

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22
Q

produces saliva that lubricates food for easier

passage produce amylase the initiates the digestive process

what am I?

A

salivary glands

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23
Q

play a major role in processing food into a form useable by the digestive system

what am I?

A

teeth

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24
Q

largest organ in the body

located in the RUQ

secretes bile for the digestion of fats

responsible for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins

detoxification of toxins (alcohol)

excretion of bilirubin

storage of glycogen

what am I?

A

liver

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25
Q

located behind the liver

store bile

after eating a fatty meal, I secrete bile via the cystic duct to the duodenum

what am I?

A

gall bladder

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26
Q

lies behind the stomach and cross the LUQ and the RUQ

secretes digestive enzymes called “_____ juice”

has endocrine function as well, the islets of Langerhans secrete hormones such as glucagon, insulin and somatostatin

what am I?

A

pancreas

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27
Q

paired organs located in the flanks

contain nephrons which are the functional units. nephrons responsible for filtering blood, returning useful substances, removing non useful substances, producing urine.

Have an endocrine function secreting the hormone’s angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide. these hormones play a part in the regulation of BP and in maintaining fluid electrolyte balance.

what am I?

A

kidneys

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28
Q

tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder

location for kidney stones to lodge

what am I?

A

ureters

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29
Q

located in the pelvis

receives and stores urine from the kidneys

what am I?

A

urinary bladder

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30
Q

tube that drains the bladder to outside

shorter in females vs males

what am I?

A

urethra

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31
Q

small walnut sized organs located adjacent to the uterus

produce female hormones and the component of reproduction, the ovum

what am I?

A

ovaries

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32
Q

hollow tubes connecting the ovary to the uterus

pathway for ovum transport from ovary to uterus

fertilization occurs in me

open end allows for direct access to abdominal cavity and uterus

site for implantation of fertilized ovum, resulting in ectopic pregnancy

what am I?

A

fallopian tube

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33
Q

hollow muscular organ located low in pelvic region

inferior portion called the cervix enters the vagina, the superior portion is the fundus

site for implantation and fetal development

what am I?

A

uterus

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34
Q

extends from uterus to vulva

functions as birth canal

what am I?

A

vagina

35
Q

responsible for producing male hormones and sperm

what am I?

A

testes

36
Q

small appendages on the tests serving as a reservoir for sperm

what am I?

A

epididymis

37
Q

located at the base of the bladder

responsible for production of fluid to transport sperm

as men age it may become enlarged (BPH) and obstructing urine flow

A

prostate

38
Q

small muscular tube responsible for transport of sperm from the testes to the urethra during ejaculation

vasectomy is male birth control procedure, involves cutting of me

what am I?

A

vas deferens

39
Q

male organ of copulation

contains sperm

what am I?

A

penis

40
Q

what part of the body acts as a thermostat

A

hypothalamus

41
Q

the primary source of upper airway obstruction in an unconscious patient?

A

tongue

42
Q

BLANK is an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and the vagus nerve pass. It is located in the right crus, one of the two tendinous structures that connect the diaphragm to the spine.

A

esophageal hiatus

43
Q

BLANK is a rare heart condition in which your heart points toward the right side of your chest instead of the left side. It is congenital, which means people are born with this abnormality

A

Dextrocardia

44
Q

how many bones are in a human body?

A

206

45
Q

every bone in the body connects to at least one other bone by the way of joints except?

A

hyoid bone

46
Q

what are the three classes of joints?

A

synovial = contain synovial fluid that allows for considerable movement. Most joints in the appendicular skeleton are synovial (elbow, knee, shoulder, hip)

cartilaginous = unite two bones by means of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, these joints are slightly moveable (epiphyseal plate of a growing bone and intervertebral disks)

fibrous = two bones that have little or no movement and are united by fibrous tissue (skull).

47
Q

what are the three major types of muscle?

A

smooth
cardiac
skeletal *most common

48
Q

Are muscles connected to bones by?

A

tendons

49
Q

Are bone connected to cartilage by?

A

ligaments

50
Q

_____ mL of blood may be released into the lower leg from a tibial or fibular fracture

_____ mL of blood may be released into the thigh from a femoral fracture

_____ mL of blood may be released into the pelvis from a pelvic fracture

A

500

1000

2000

51
Q

how many teeth does a normal adult have?

A

32

52
Q

heart is a muscular organ, how much does it weight?

A

250 g ~ size of fist

53
Q

top of the heart is called ___?

bottom of the heart is called _____?

A

base

apex

54
Q

What are the organs that make up the mediastinum?

A

heart
lungs
…

55
Q

what are the layers of the heart from inner most layer to outer most layer?

A

endocardium

myocardium

pericardium (2 layers visceral also called the epicardium and parietal)

56
Q

How much fluid is normally contained in the pericardial space?

A

25 cc

57
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart?

A

right atria
right ventricle
left atria
left ventricle

58
Q

where is the tricuspid valve located?

A

between the right atria and right ventricle

Mnemonic TRI to get the valve RIGHT

59
Q

where is the mitral valve located?

A

between the left artria and left ventricle

60
Q

where is the aortic valve located?

A

between the left atria and pulmonary vein

61
Q

where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

between the right atria and the pulmonary artery

62
Q

left coronary artery supplies blood flow to what parts of the heart?

A

left ventricle
interventricular septum
part of the right ventricle
part of the conduction system

63
Q

right coronary artery supplies blood flow to what parts of the heart?

A

portion of the right atrium
right ventricle
part of the conduction system

64
Q

cardiac cycle definition?

A

time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next

65
Q

diastole cycle definition?

A

time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filling and coronary perfusion occur.

pulmonic valve closed
aortic valve closed
mitral valve open
tricuspid valve open

66
Q

systole cycle definition?

A

myocardium is contracting

pulmonic valve open
aortic valve open
mitral valve closed
tricuspid valve closed

67
Q

chronotropy definition?

A

pertaining to heart rate

68
Q

inotrophy definition?

A

cardiac contractile force

69
Q

dromotrophy definition?

A

speed of impulse transmission

70
Q

cardiac conduction excitability definition?

A

ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus

71
Q

cardiac conduction automaticity definition?

A

pacemaker cells’ capability of self-depolarization

72
Q

cardiac conduction contractility definition?

A

ability of muscle cells to contract or shorten

73
Q

stroke volume definition?

A

amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction

74
Q

what are the three factors that affect stroke volume?

A

preload - amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole

cardiac contractile force - strength of contraction of the heart

afterload - resistance against which the ventrile must contract

75
Q

What are risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A 
age
carbohydrate intolerance
cigarette smoking
cocaine use
diabetes
family history
hypercholesterolemia = hyperlipidemia
hypertension
previous MI's
76
Q

left coronary artery carries ___ % of the blood supply to the myocardium.

A

85

77
Q

Left coronary artery two main branches are the BLANK and BLANK

A

left anterior descending (LAD) and the circumflex

78
Q

Left coronary artery two main branches are the BLANK and BLANK

A

Right anterior descending and the marginal branch

79
Q

from the lungs the blood travels through BLANK pulmonary veins back to the left atrium

A

4

80
Q

DEFINITION

The priming force contributed by atrial contraction immediately before ventricular systole that acts to increase the efficiency of ventricular ejection due to acutely increased preload.

A

atrial kick

81
Q

Once the left ventricle receives ___ % of it’s volume, the left atrium contracts

A

70%

82
Q

List the parts of the small intestine in order.

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum = DJI

83
Q

List the parts of the large intestine in order.

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus

CATDSR (cat with a camera)

84
Q

What are the 12 Cranial Nerves?

A 
O: olfactory nerve (CN I)
O: optic nerve (CN II)
O: oculomotor nerve (CN III)
T: trochlear nerve (CN IV)
T: trigeminal nerve(CN V)
A: abducens nerve (CN VI)
F: facial nerve (CN VII)
A: auditory (or vestibulocochlear) nerve (CN VIII)
G: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
V: vagus nerve (CN X)
S: spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)
H: hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Mnemonic Ooh, Ooh, Ooh, to touch and feel virgin girls vagina. Such heaven!

ACP Entrance Exam (17 decks)

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