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Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

IDENTIFY THE AREA OF INJURY OR INFARCTION:

_____ is represented by inverted T Waves.

A

Cardiac Ischemia

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2
Q

IDENTIFY THE AREA OF INJURY OR INFARCTION:

_____/_____ is represented by elevated “ST” Segment.

A

AMI/STEMI (cardiac injury)

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3
Q

IDENTIFY THE AREA OF INJURY OR INFARCTION:

_____ is represented by deep “Q” waves.

A

Cardiac Necroses (MI or previous infarction)

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4
Q

IDENTIFY THE AREA OF INJURY OR INFARCTION:

Deep Q Waves is _____.

A

Cardiac Necrosis
MI or previous myocardial infarction

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5
Q

IDENTIFY THE AREA OF INJURY OR INFARCTION:

Inverted “T” waves is _____. aka ST depression.

A

Ischemia

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6
Q

IDENTIFY THE AREA OF INJURY OR INFARCTION:

ST Elevation is injury leading to _____.

A

Infarction (STEMI or AMI)

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7
Q

IDENTIFY THE AREA OF INJURY OR INFARCTION:

Peak “T” wave can mean _____.

A

Hyperkalemia (dialysis patient)

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8
Q

The P Wave represents _____.

A

Atrial Depolarization

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9
Q

How long is the PR Interval?

A

.12-.20 or 3-5 small boxes

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10
Q

In regards to PR Interval anything greater than _____ or _____ means a block.

A

.20 or 5 small boxes.

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11
Q

In regards to PR Intervals, blood is filling the _____ at this time.

A

Ventricles

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12
Q

What is the speed of paper?

A

25 mm/sec

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13
Q

Each small box on a EKG strip is _____ mm/sec.

A

.04 mm/sec

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14
Q

Normal width of QRS:

A

2-3 small boxes
Or
.08-.12 milliseconds

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15
Q

What is happening if the QRS is too wide?

A

It is related to slower spread of ventricular depolarization

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16
Q

Why could a QRS be wide?

A

Due to SVT with block, BBB, V-Tach, Hypertrophy

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17
Q

_____: Sudden onset; pain ripping or tearing sensation; pain radiating to neck, back, shoulders or abdomen; Stridor or hoarseness; two different BP’s; dysphagia.
Could show SS’s of hypovolemic shock after rupture.
Treatment: surgical; maintain BP w/ morphine; DONT increase BP

A

Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

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18
Q

_____: Lower abdominal pain on the left side; palpable abdominal pulse; lower back of flank pain; equal or absent distal pulses.
Pain may be constant or intermittent.
Treatment: transport quickly but drive carefully

A

AAA
(Abdominal Aortic Aneurism?)

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19
Q

Type of Risk Factor for Cardiac Patient:

_____: blood pressure, diet, exercise, stress and sugar.

A

Modifiable Risk Factors (Changeable)

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20
Q

Type of Risk Factor for Cardiac Patient:

_____: age, race, sex, heredity (biggest factor)

A

Not-Modifiable

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21
Q

Normal Rate for SA Node:

A

60-100

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22
Q

Normal rate for AV Node:

A

40-60

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23
Q

Normal Rate for Purkinje Fibers:

A

20-40

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24
Q

Rate for accelerated Junctional:

A

60-100

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25
Q

Drugs for blood pressure and heart rate control: (7)

A

Atropine, Adenosine, Amiodarone, Epi, Lidocaine, Mag, -olol drugs.

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26
Q

IV Bolus ___ to ___ normal saline.

A

1 to 2 Liter

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27
Q

Norepinephrine (levophed) ___ to___ mcg/kg/min to achieve a minimum SBP of >___.

A

.1 to .5 mcg/kg/min

90

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28
Q

Epinephrine ___ to ___ mcg/min IV infusion until SBP >___.

A

2 to 10 mcg/min IV

90

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29
Q

Dopamine ___ to ___ mcg/kg/min IV until SBP >___.

A

5 to 20 mcg/kg/min

90

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30
Q

_____: dyspnea, Rales, tachycardia, decreased BP, increased respirations, diaphoreses, arrhythmias; increased blood volume in lungs and liver due to pump failure.
Treatment- consider dopamine to increase BP; 2-20mcg/kg/min.

A

Cardiogenic Shock

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31
Q

ATROPINE:

Dose-
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic agent
Works on Atrium or Ventricles
Treats what heart condition
What does it do to the body

A
  • 1 mg max of 3 doses
  • Parasympathetic agent
  • Works on Atrium
  • Treats bradycardia
  • Reverses vagal tone
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32
Q

DOPAMINE

Dose
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic agent
Works on Atrium or Ventricles
Treats what heart condition
What does it do to the body

A
  • 5-20 mcg/kg drip
  • Parasympathetic agent
  • Causes more forceful Ventricular contractions
  • Rate and force of Ventricles
  • Peripheral Vasoconstriction
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33
Q

EPINEPHRINE:

Dose
Sympathetic or Parasympathetic agent
Works on Atrium or Ventricles
Treats what heart condition
What does it do to the body

A
  • 2-10 mcg/min IV
  • Parasympathetic Agent
  • Both
  • Increases heart rate
  • Alpha effects/vasopressor/vasoconstricts
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34
Q

_____: is a broad term for the condition in which the arteries narrow and harden, leading to poor circulation of blood throughout the body.

A

Arteriosclerosis

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35
Q

_____: the thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.

A

Atherosclerosis

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36
Q

_____ risk factors may include high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical activity and eating saturated fats.

A

Atherosclerosis

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37
Q

_____ goes away with nitro or when hard work stops.

A

Stable Angina

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38
Q

_____ is not helped by nitro; happens rapidly with no physical work.

A

Unstable Angina

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39
Q

ST Elevation = _____

A

STEMI

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40
Q

Inverted P Wave means _____.

A

Junctional

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41
Q

_____ drugs effect the force of cardiac contraction.

A

Inotropic

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42
Q

_____ drugs affect the heart rate.

A

Chronotropic

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43
Q

_____ drugs affect conduction velocity/speed through the conducting tissues of the heart.

A

Dromotropic

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44
Q

What to do with unstable A Flutter, A Fib, SVT, V-Tach or Torsades with a pulse?

A

Synch Cardiovert

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45
Q

What to do with V-Fib or V-Tach with no pulse?

A

Defibrilate

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46
Q

Loss of oxygen, blood and sugar in the heart stimulates _____ and will cause _____ which does what to extremities.

A

Release of epinephrine
Alpha-constriction/vasoconstriction
Steals blood/oxygen from the extremities

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47
Q

Parasympathetic or Sympathetic?
_____: innervates through SA node and will cause bradycardia.

A

Parasympathetic

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48
Q

_____ is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardia contraction.

A

Stroke Volume

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49
Q

The average stroke volume of a 70 kg make is _____ mL.

A

70 mL

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50
Q

Not all of the blood that fills the heart by the end of diastole (_____) can be ejected from the heart during systole.

A

End-Diastolic Volume - EDV

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51
Q

The volume left in the heart at the end of systole is _____.

A

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

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52
Q

_____= EDV - ESV

A

Stroke Volume

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53
Q

_____ is the blood volume the heart pumps through the system in circulation over a period measured in liters per minute.

A

Cardiac Output

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54
Q

CO = ___ x ___

A

SV x HR

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55
Q

Typically after a heart attack, how long does it take a life threatening arrhythmia to appear?

A

24-48 hours

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56
Q

Public education relating to cardiovascular disease (CVD) focuses on _____ and not responding to it.

A

Prevention

57
Q

BP = ___ x ___ x ___

A

SV x HR x Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR)

58
Q

Ventricles (Purkinje Fibers) rate: *for tests

59
Q

Signs and Symptoms of _____/_____:

Dyspnea, Rales, tachycardia, chronic atrial arrhythmias, pink frothy sputum, orthopnea, increased BP.
Treatment: O2, Nitro, Morphine, CPAP

A

CHF/Left side heart failure

60
Q

Treatment of chest pain: (4)

A

O2, Nitro, Aspirin, Morphine

61
Q

_____: the initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes prior to contraction.

62
Q

_____: the amount of pressure that the heart needs to exert to eject the blood during ventricular contraction.

A

After load

63
Q

_____ or _____ are normally prescribed to people with a history of hypertension.

A

Beta blockers or ACE inhibitors

64
Q

Ca Channel Blocker and nothing else is _____ or _____.

A

Hypertension or AFIB.

65
Q

_____ drip is the cousin of dopamine but doesn’t have the Chronotropic effects.

A

Dobutamine

66
Q

Chronotropic Effects of Dopamine:

A

Increased HR

67
Q

Patient has SVT or V-Tach and they are unstable - go directly to _____.

A

Cardioversion

68
Q

Hyperkalemia presents as what on a monitor?

A

Tall peak T wave.

69
Q

Tall peaked T wave can cause _____.

70
Q

Hyperkalemia is caused by _____.

A

Renal Failure

71
Q

In Hyperkalemia, what is the importance of water?

A

It attracts salt

72
Q

When ROSC is achieved, look at ___-___ degrees C/F for cooling therapy.

A

32-36 C
89.6-98.6F

73
Q

Electrolyte imbalances from N/V/D need to be looked at during _____.

74
Q

_____ have a-typical heart attacks (don’t have cardiac type chest pain).
- Maybe no chest pain
- Jaw pain
- Weak/nauseated

A

Women (especially post menopause)

75
Q

If a person needs defibrillation, what is a considering factor for the survival of this patient?

A

Sooner you defib the better chance they have of living.

76
Q

_____ is pressure being pushed throughout the body.

77
Q

_____ is the pressure in the arteries when the hear is at rest.

78
Q

_____ and _____ are the two most common underlying and potentially reversible causes of PEA.

A

Hypovolemia and Hypoxia

79
Q

H&T’s: (5&4)

A

Hypovolemia
Hypoxia
Hydrogen Ion (acidosis)
Hypo/Hyperkalemia
Hypothermia

Tension Pneumo
Tamponade
Toxin
Thrombosis pulmonary/coronary

80
Q

ST Depression = _____

81
Q

ST Elevation = Damage/Injury leading to _____.

A

Myocardial Infaction

82
Q

_____ states that the force or tension developed in a muscle fiber depends on the extent to which the fiber is stretched.

A

Starlings Law

83
Q

_____: the bigger the hose the more water but the less pressure.

A

Poiseuille’s Law (Pipe Law)

84
Q

Decreased pre load means _____.

A

Less after load.

85
Q

_____ is angina that is lasting longer and pain is getting worse.

A

Unstable Angina

86
Q

If the rhythm is Sinus Tach, what do you treat?

A

The underlying reason. (Is it asthma, COPD, etc)

87
Q

Max heart rate formula:

88
Q

How to treat Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT):

A

If it’s sinus then why is the heart overcompensating; treat the patient (why did they call?); consider medications after determining cause of the rhythm.

89
Q

Torsades De Pointes results from _____.

A

Hypomagnesemia

90
Q

What medication would you administer for Torsades?

91
Q

Wide QRS complex: dysrythmia is from the _____.

A

Ventricles

92
Q

Narrow QRS complex: dysrhthmia is from _____.

A

Above the ventricles (Supraventricular tachycardia)

93
Q

_____ & _____ check H’s and T’s.

A

Asystole and PEA

94
Q

PVC Terminology

_____ if similar in configurations-originating from the same place.

A

Unification

95
Q

PVC Terminology

_____ if there are multiple PVC configurations originating from different places.

A

Multifocal

96
Q

PVC Terminology

If you have _____ your heart doesn’t beat in a normal pattern. After every routine beat, you have a beat that comes too early, or what’s know as a premature ventricular contraction (PVC).

97
Q

_____ is made of parietal and visceral layers with pericardial fluid in between; it forms the pericardial sac to reduce friction.

A

Pericardium

98
Q

Atrioventricular valves: (2)

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid valve

99
Q

Semilunar Valves: (2)

A

Pulmonic and Aortic Valves

100
Q

_____: tenons that hold valves closed to prevent regurgitation into the atrium.

A

Cordae Tendanae

101
Q

_____ side: Preload; low pressure system.

A

Right Side

102
Q

_____ side: after load; high pressure system.

103
Q

_____: pressure in filled ventricle at the end of diastole. (End of diastolic volume)

104
Q

_____: Resistance the ventricles must contract against.

A

After load

105
Q

_____ arteries originate in the aorta and fill on diastole.

A

Coronary Arteries

106
Q

_____: Amount of blood pumped out by left ventricle in one beat. (70 mL)

A

Stroke Volume

107
Q

Systole: _____ of the myocardium.

A

Contraction

108
Q

Diastole: _____ of the myocardium.

A

Relaxation

109
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump:

Impulse hits myocyte, calcium channels open, _____ rushes out, _____ rushes in.
Polarity Changes and cell _____.
_____ period.
_____ rushes out, and _____ starts moving into intracellular space.
Polarity changes and cell _____.
_____ period.

A

Potassium out; sodium in
Depolarizes
Absolute Refractory
Sodium out; potassium in
Repolarizes
Relative Refractory

110
Q

Sympathetic nervous system communicates with the heart through the _____.

A

Cardiac plexus

111
Q

Parasympathetic nervous communicates with the heart through the _____.

A

Vagus Nerve

112
Q

_____: catecholamines

A

Adrenergic Agonists

113
Q

Anticholinergics are _____.

Sympatholytics
Parasympatholytics
Sympathomimetics
Parasympathomimetics

A

Parasympatholytics

114
Q

Cholinergics are _____.

Sympatholytics
Parasympatholytics
Sympathomimetics
Parasympathomimetics

A

Parasympathomimetics

115
Q

Class I - _____ blockers
Class II - _____ blockers
Class III - _____ blockers
Class IV - _____ blockers
Class V - _____

A

Sodium Channel Blockers
Beta Blockers
Potassium Blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Miscellaneous

116
Q

Chronotropy = _____

A

Heart rate

117
Q

Inotropy = _____

A

Heart Contraction

118
Q

Dromotropic = _____

A

Nerve impulse conduction

119
Q

_____ cells have automaticity, synchronicity, contractility, conductivity, irritability and excitably.

120
Q

_____: electrical impulse gets trapped in internodal pathways. Can cause SVT.

A

Reentry Phenomena

121
Q

Sodium _____ of the myocardium.

A

Depolarization

122
Q

Potassium _____ of the myocardium.

A

Repolarization

123
Q

_____ is responsible for myocardial depolarization/contraction.

124
Q

_____: murmur in vessel indication blockage from plaque.

A

Cardiac Bruits

125
Q

_____: more negatively charged anions inside cell than positively charged anions.

A

Resting Potential

126
Q

_____: influx of sodium and positive change in membrane polarity.

A

Action Potential

127
Q

Cardiac enzyme _____ increases during myocardial infarction.

128
Q

Gold standard time = _____ minutes

129
Q

_____ sided heart failure.

SS: Pending respiratory failure, cardiac wheezing, dyspnea, tripoding, Rales, hypertension.

Treatment: CPAP, nitro, lasix, PEEP 10+ cmH2O

History: medication non compliance, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea

A

Left Sided Heart Failure

130
Q

_____ sided heart failure.

SS: Peripheral/sacral edema, jugular vein distension, ascites, hypotension.

Treatment: Fluid resuscitation, vasoconstrictors.

History: Pulmonary hypertension

A

Right sided heart failure

131
Q

Cardiogenic shock - push _____ or _____.

A

Dopamine or levophed

132
Q

_____: infection in the lining of the heart.

No history/risk factors.
ST elevation in all leads.
SS sharp pain, position chest pain.
history of cold, pneumonia or infection.

A

Pericarditis

133
Q

_____: peripheral pulse quality alternating from weak to strong.

A

Pulsus Alternans

134
Q

_____: build up of fluid in the pericardial sac.

A

Pericardial Tamponade

135
Q

_____: muffled heart tones, jugular vein distention, narrowing pulse pressure.

A

Becks Triad

136
Q

_____: communication between 2+ blood vessels.

A

Anastomosis

137
Q

_____: ventricles eject 2/3rds of the blood it contains.

A

Ejection fraction

138
Q

MEDS to GIVE:

A-Fib/A-Flutter/SVT (Really Fast Atrial Contraction):

A

Calcium Channel Blockers (ZEMs)
Beta Blockers (LOLs)
Sodium Channel Blockers (Caines) - Lidocaine

Paramedic School (10 decks)

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