Cardioivascular 1 Flashcards by Kelli Heusinkveld

Main goal of the external and internal intercostal muscles

Fill the gab between the ribs and vertebrae
-inspiration and expiration

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Purpose of hiatus (ex: aortic hiatus)

Organs go through here (think middle portion)

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Most important muscle for inspiration

Diaphragm

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Muscles that are used for inspiration

Serrated dorsalis cranialis muscle
Diaphragm muscle
External intercostal muscle
Recuts thoracic muscle
Scalenus muscle

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Muscles used for expiration

Serrated dorsalis caudalis muscle
Abdominal muscles
Internal intercostal muscle

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What is a serosa?

Serous membrane that produce a serous fluid that protects and prevent friction and adherences among organs (viscera) or organs with cavity wall

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What is the visceral pleura? What is the name of the one correlated to the lungs?

-Visceral pleura covers the direct organ
-Deep to the pleural cavity with pleural fluid
- lungs covered directly by pulmonary pleura (visceral pleura)

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What is the mediastinum?

-Area between the lungs
- central area of the thorax
- heart is held in the mediastinum

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What are the three mediastinal pleura and where are they in relationship the the heart and lungs?

-Parietal mediastinal pleura cranial portion (covered cranial portion of mediastinum)
-Parietal mediastinal pleural middle portion (pericardial pleura) (covers the middle portion of the mediastinum)
-parietal mediastinal pleura caudal portion (covers the caudal mediastinum)

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Where is the outermost pleura membrane superficial to the pleural cavity?

Costal pleura (lateral pleural membrane)
Diaphragmatic pleura (caudal pleural membrane)

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Visceral pleura vs parietal pleura

Visceral pleura = inside pleura membrane
Parietal pleura = outside pleura membrane (mediastinal costal and diaphragmatic)

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What is the endothoracic fascia?

Connective tissues that glues the parietal pleura with the ribs and intercostal muscles

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What is the point of the pleural fluid?

Allows movement without friction

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What is the point of the vacuum presssure?

Keep lung inflated

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Pneumothorax

The puncture of a lung causing the loss of the negative vacuum pressure leading to a collapsed lung

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What is the fibrous pericardium?

Sac that keeps shape and anchored sac to diaphragm

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List the serious pericardium membranes from deep to superficial? (Very pretty people fit perfectly)

Deep
-visceral pericardium (epicardium)
- pericardial cavity
- parietal serous pericardium
- fibrous pericardium
- pericardial mediastinal pleura
Superficial

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Anatomical (PARIETALs adVISe to not get CAVITYs vs clinical pericardium (med fibers are serous)

-Anatomical pericardium = (closed sac envelopes most of the heart more deep layers)
-parietal serious pericardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium), and pericardial cavity

Clinical pericardium = (pericardial sac layers are fused together more superficial layers)
-pericardial mediastinal pleura, fibrous pericardium and parietal serous pericardium

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What is the Phrenicopericardial ligament?

Ligament that connects fibrous pericardium to sterna, part of the diaphragm (only in carnivores) acts as anchor limits movement

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What is considered part of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vascular system, and lymphatic system

Lymphatic system

Responsible for the immunological defense of the body

Drains intracellular space of the excess fluid

Lymphatic circulation (open or closed)

Open system

Systemic and pulmonary circulation (open or closed)

Closed circuit

Lymph nodes

Filters, captures bad things (ex: virus) starts reaction

Lymph node =singular
Lymph center= multiple lymph nodes

Layers of the heart

- Epicardium (visceral pericardium) = serious membrane, mesothelium, and loose CT (prevents friction) - Myocardium = cardiac muscle, CT, nerves, blood, vessels - Endocardium = endothelium and CT

Conformation of the heart (shape)

Cone shape Top is the base Bottom is the apex

Angles of the heart for cat and dog

Dog = 40 degrees Cat =25-30 degrees

Name the grooves of the heart

- coronary groove = between the atria and ventricles contains coronary vessels - Paraconal = interventricular groove on the left side - Subsinuosal groove = inter ventricular groove on right side - interventricular grooves =between right and left ventricles at the location of the interventricular septum

Coronary Sinus

Vein that carries non oxygenated blood from the heart

Diastole

Period during which the ventricles are filling and relaxing

Azygos vein

Vein that drains ribs/vertebra

Intervenous tubercle

Direct blood to the right spot - located between caudal and cranial vena cava within the right atrium

Oval fossa

Should be closed after birth -in fetus this is a foramen (which means it open)

Where do the sides pump and how does it correlate to the different sides sizes

- Right pumps to everyone so it is larger -left pumps to lungs so it is smaller

Systole

Phase of the heartbeat where the heart muscles contract and pumps blood from the chambers into the arteries

Where can you hear the right atrioventricular valve

Right side

Where can you hear the pulmonary valve

Left side

Trabeculae Carneae

Muscular ridges on the ventricular walls

Trabeculae septomarginalis

-muscular strand that courses across the lumen of the ventricle - Conducts purkinje fibers from the right branch of the atriooventricular bundle across the lumen of the ventricle

What values are open/closed during diastole?

Open = left and right atrioventricular valve Closed = pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

What valves are open/closed during systole?

Open= aortic valve and the pulmonary valve Closed = left atrioventricular valve and right atrioventricular valve

Chordae Tendineae

String shaped tendon -fibromuscular cords that attach cusps to papillary muscles

Papillary muscles

- conical muscular projections in the ventricles (3 main muscles) - give rise to chordae tendineae

What is the LUP sound?

Closing of the tricuspid and mitral valve (right and left atrioventricular valves)

What is the DUB sound?

Closing of the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve

What valves can you hear on the right side?

The right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

What valves can you hear on left side?

-Pulmonary Valve -Aortic valve -left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve)

Coronary vessels

Coronary arteries originate from the aorta and branch off into smaller arteries which supply oxygen rich blood to the entire heart muscle

Branches of the Coronary vessel?

Septal branch = very important and deep Circumflex branch Subsinuosal interventricular branch = between ventricles Paraconal interventricular branch Intermedial branch Left coronary artery Right coronary artery = smaller than left goes to left ventricle Great cardiac (coronary) vein Coronary sinus Middle cardiac (coronary) vein