Cardio vascular 3

Question 1

The amount of blood that is entered into the ventricles at the end of diastole

Answer 1

End diastolic volume; highest potential

Question 2

The volume of the blood that is actually ejected out

Answer 2

the strock volume

Question 3

how to calculate cardiac output

Answer 3

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 4

How does the parasympathetic nervous system effect the heart

Answer 4

Decreases heart rate; decreases SA node and increase AV node delay ;sympathetic does the opposite

Question 5

what specific thing does sympathetic nervous system do

Answer 5

contracts smooth muscle in the veins; greater end-diastolic volume
-increase contraction of myocardiocytes

Question 6

extrinsic mechanism

Answer 6

control the heart from the outside the sympathetic nervous sytem is an example

Question 7

intrinsic mechanisms

Answer 7

dependant on natural characteristics of myocardiocytes and cardiac muscle

Question 8

the more the myocardiocytes contract the___

Answer 8

higher the strock volume

Question 9

what are the steps of the ferguson reflex

Answer 9

1.Fetus presses on the cervix
2.sensroy neurons in the cervix send information to the hypothalumus
3.oxytocin is relseased from the posterior pituittary
4.oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction in the smooth muscle
5.fetus presses on the cervix more vigiously contributes to labor and contraction

Question 10

preload

Answer 10

the potential force generated in the ventricular wall due to cardiac muscle stretch; this increases the contraction capacity of the cardiac muscle

Question 11

Afterload

Answer 11

The force against which the heart must contract to eject blood out of the semilunar values, particularly the aortic valve

Question 12

Why is preload so important

Answer 12

allows for equilibrium between both sides of the heart; can compensate for more blood entering the left side

Question 13

the tunica intima layer of the arteries and veins

Answer 13

large arteries and have an internal elastic layer

Question 14

Tunica media

Answer 14

-smooth muscle (thicker in arterioles than in arteries)
-large arteries have external elastic layer

Question 15

tunica externa

Answer 15

connective tissue

Question 16

Arteries are able to expand during systole and recoil during diastole

Answer 16

Helps to serve as a blood reservoir to keep blood moving forward

Question 17

Mean aterial pressue (MAP)

Answer 17

Average of blood pressure generated throughout a whole cycle. COx TPR (arteriole total peripheral vascular resistance)

Question 18

what are the function of arterioes

Answer 18

-regulate MAP by controlling total peripheral vascular resistance or the resistance in blood flow

Question 19

Vasodilation

Answer 19

muscle radius get larger

Question 20

the smooth muscle maintain muscle tone, what is that

Answer 20

They are always a little contracted

Question 21

How do they maintain the muscle tone

Answer 21

-myogenic activity
-persistent sympathetic stimulation

Question 22

What does myogenic activity mean

Answer 22

the arteries and arterioes naturally contract when stretched; allows for a middle ground to adjust blood flow

Question 23

What type of blood flow would occur with a MAP that has high resistance

Answer 23

no blood flow

Question 24

Vessel stretch

Answer 24

increases vasoconstriction and myogenic activity
-type of autoregulation

Question 25

gases/local metabolic change

Answer 25

Reduce oxygen or increase carbon dioxide cause relaxation

Question 26

temperature

Answer 26

heat generated by the active tissues causes vasodilation

Question 27

local vasoactive molecules

Answer 27

nitric oxide, prostaglandins, and others

Question 28

immune cells

Answer 28

histamine causes vasodilation

Question 29

what provides the most extrinsic control of the arteriole radius

Answer 29

sympathetic nervous system

Question 30

what is the result of the SNS norepinephrine and E binding to alpha androgenic receptors on smooth muscle

Answer 30

vasoconstriction

Question 31

reduced sympathetic activity contributes to

Answer 31

vasodiluation

Question 32

what doe epinephrine do

Answer 32

Increase blood flow to the heart and muscle and increase during stress

Question 33

intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that are part of the sympathetic nervous system control TRP to maintain appropriate MAP

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

What are the two hormones that promote vasoconstriction?

Answer 34

vasopressin and angiotensin II

Question 35

Large plasma proteins cannot leave and capillaries to contribute to the

Answer 35

Colloid osmotic pressure

Question 36

reduced plama proteins can result in what

Answer 36

edema or fluid collection

Question 37

Arterial Baroreceptors

Answer 37

are a type of mechanoreceptor on the carotid arteries (carotid sinus) and aorta (aortic arch) that sense changes in MAP and signal to the cardiovascular control center in medullla

Question 38

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Answer 38

in carotid and aortic arteries (inside vessel) sense changes in oxygen concentrations and signal to the cardiovascular and respiratory centers in medulla (Reviewed in Respiratory Section)

Question 39

most of the blood is found in the

Answer 39

veins

Question 40

low pressure barorecpetors

Answer 40

in the heart, atria reactivated by low MAP, allow to increase blood volume and water retension

Question 41

ANPS

Answer 41

Releasedby the heart atria in response to increased blood volume; travel thruoughout the kidnye to incease water and sodium retension