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Misc. Notes Year 1 > CARDIO RECAP > Flashcards

CARDIO RECAP Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 catecholamines

A

Dobutamine
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

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2
Q

What do catecholamines do

A

Increase HR and force of contraction
Increase O2 consumption of heart
Decrease cardiac efficiency

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3
Q

How do beta blockers help restore sinus rhythm

A

By decreasing sympathetic drive

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4
Q

What side effects can non-selective beta blockers cause

A

Hypoglycaemia

Cold Extremities

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5
Q

When can digoxin be used in heart failure

A

If the patient also has AF

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6
Q

What is the mechanism of constant Nitric Oxide release

A

Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) converts L-arginine to Nitric Oxide which diffuses into SM cells and increases production of cGMP hence causing relaxation

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7
Q

How do ARB’s work

A

Angiotensin 1 receptor blockers (ARB’s) competitively block Angiotensin II binding to the AT 1 receptor

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8
Q

How do CCB’s work

A

Block L-type Ca2+ channels

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9
Q

What can thiazide diuretics be used for

A

Mild Heart Failure
Hypertension
Severe resistant Oedema (with loop agent)

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10
Q

What can loop diuretics be used for

A

Chronic Heart Failure

Acute Pulmonary Oedema (IV)

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11
Q

What are the two equations to work out MAP (Mean Arterial pressure)

A

(2D + S) / 3

D + 1/3(D - S)

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12
Q

Where are the two sets of baroreceptors and which cranial nerves do they signal via

A

Aortic Arch- signal via CN X (Vagus)

Carotid Sinus- signal via CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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13
Q

What two components make up total body fluid

A 
Intracellular fluid (2/3) 
Extracellular fluid (1/3)
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14
Q

What 2 components make up extracellular fluid

A

Interstitial fluid

Plasma fluid

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15
Q

What 3 cells does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consist of

A

Granular cells (release renin)
Macula Densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cells

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16
Q

Mixing of arterial and venous blood results in a decreased 02 saturation of arterial blood, what is this called?

A

Hypoxaemia

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17
Q

What is the rounded indent in the right atrium called

A

Fossa Ovalis

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18
Q

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of

A

A fibrous sheet which covered the foramen ovale (the foramen ovale in the heart, not the skull)

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19
Q

What is another name for the moderator band which carries the papillary muscles

A

Septomarginal Trabecula

20
Q

What provides mechanical adhesion between myocytes

A

Desmosomes

21
Q

How does calcium-induced calcium release result in the exposure of the myosin

A

Ca2+ binds with troponin, pulling troponin-tropomyosin complex aside to expose cross-bridge binding site

22
Q

In cardiac muscle where is the intracellular calcium released from

A

The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

23
Q

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system doesn’t have much innervation of arterial smooth muscle (and what are the exceptions to this)

A

There is no significant PARASYMPATHETIC innervation of arterial smooth muscle except in the penis and clitoris

24
Q

Which three humoral agents cause vasodilation (by arterial smooth muscle relaxation)

A

Nitric oxide
Histamine
Bradykinin

25
Q

Which cells continuously release Nitric Oxide

A

Endothelial cells of arteries and arterioles

26
Q

For a heart rate of 75bpm, what are the durations of systole and diastole

A

Systole - 0.3s

Diastole - 0.5s

27
Q

What is the normal EDV in an adult

A

130ml

28
Q

What causes the dicrotic notch in the aortic pressure curve

A

The vibration of the aortic valve closing

29
Q

Why does arterial pressure not fall to 0mmHg during diastole

A

Due to the elastic walls of the arteries rebounding during diastole

30
Q

What is the investigation for intermittent claudication and which range of values indicates severe claudication

A

ABPI (Ankle Brachial Pressure Index)

0- 4.5 = severe

31
Q

What drug is given to PVD patients

A

Cilostazol (anti-platelet)

32
Q

Which type of brain tissue is particularly sensitive to hypoxia

A

Grey matter

33
Q

Which arteries form the basilar artery

A

2 vertebral arteries

34
Q

Which arteries anastomose to form the circle of Willis

A

Carotid arteries anastomose to form circle of Willis

35
Q

What kinds of substances is the blood-brain barrier impermeable to (and give examples)

A

Hydrophilic

Proteins, Catecholamines, Ions)

36
Q

What is the key phrase to describe an AAA

A

Pulsatile, expansile mass

37
Q

What is the investigation for an AAA

A

Ultrasound

38
Q

What diameter must an AAA reach in order to warrant surgery

A

> 5.5cm

39
Q

What are the 2 parts of a lipoprotein

A 
Hydrophobic core
Hydrophilic coat (contains apoprotein)
40
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme in de novo cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG-CoA reductase

41
Q

Describe reverse cholesterol transport

A

HDL accepts cholesterol from the plasma membrane of macrophages via CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein) and transports it back to liver

42
Q

What are the 4 major lipoproteins

A

HDL particles (contain apoA1 and apoA2) - GOOD
LDL particles (contain apoB-100) - BAD
Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (contain apoB-100)
Chylomicrons (contain apoB-48)

43
Q

What do you give to a patient with bradycardia

A

Atropine

44
Q

What do you do if a patient who is bradycardic isn’t responding to atropine

A

temporary pacing wire

45
Q

How do you recognise a right axis deviation on ECG

A
  • QRS on lead 1

+ QRS on aVF

46
Q

How do you recognise a left axis deviation on ECG

A

+ QRS on lead 1

- QRS on aVF

47
Q

How do you recognise extreme axis deviation on ECG

A
  • QRS on lead 1

- QRS on aVF

Misc. Notes Year 1 (13 decks)

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