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Misc. Notes Year 1 > Bamzy's Gastroenteritis document notes > Flashcards

Bamzy's Gastroenteritis document notes Flashcards

1
Q

Define diarrhoea

A

3 or more loose stools in 24hours

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2
Q

Define the source/reservoir of infection

A

original source of the infection eg animal gut, another humans gut

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3
Q

Define the vehicle of infection

A

how the infection is transmitted contaminated water etc

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4
Q

Give 2 organisms that fall under the campylobacter genus

A

C. jejuni

C. coli

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5
Q

What kind of bacteria are Camylobacter (Gram etc)

A

Gram negative bacilli

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6
Q

What is the commonest cause of GI infection in the Uk

A

C. jejuni

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7
Q

What is the incubation period of Campylobacter

A

3-10 days

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8
Q

What does Campylobacter cause and what symptoms does it cause

A

inflammation of the colon and rectum

BLOODY DIARRHOEA and abdominal pain

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9
Q

What are some sources of Campylobacter and how can it spread

A

farm animals, (esp. undercooked poultry) water and unpasteurised milk – person to person spread is rare – outbreaks occur because people have been exposed to the same source – consumed the same chicken

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10
Q

What is the management of Campylobacter gastroenteritis

A

usually self limiting but give CLARITHROMYCIN or AZITHROMYCIN for 5 days if the patient develops systemic symptoms

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11
Q

Which syndrome can be preceded by campylobacter infection

A

Guillan-Barre Syndrome

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12
Q

What is Guillan-Barre syndrome

A

rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

What is the species name for all gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella

A

Salmonella enetrica

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14
Q

What does a salmonella infection cause

A

inflammation of the ileum and colon – the bacteria then multiply in the gut and cause mucosal damage – decreasing fluid absorption and increasing fluid secretion

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of a salmonella gastroenteritis

A

abdominal pain, diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), vomiting

No way not fucking diarrhoea as a symptom r u sure??

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16
Q

What are potential sources of Salmonella infection

A

undercooked poultry

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17
Q

What is the management of Salmonella gastroenteritis

A

usually self limiting, ciprofloxacin for 5 days if patient at risk of developing systemic illness

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18
Q

Which organism is responsible for outbreaks in children every few years

A

Shigella

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19
Q

What is the incubation period for Shigella

A

1-9 days

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20
Q

What does Shigella do

A

Invades the intestinal mucosa causing severe inflammation but doesn’t ever invade any further (SO IS NEVER SEEN IN BLOOD CULTURES).

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of Shigella gastroenteritis

A

abdominal pain and occasionally blood/pus in diarrhoea

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22
Q

What are the sources of Shigella infection

A

human infection only – often spread from person to person

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23
Q

What is the management of Shigella gastroenteritis

A

usually self-limiting – symptomatic treatment only, other forms of Shigella picked up abroad from human waste in water can cause more severe infections that usually require CIPROFLOXACIN

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24
Q

What does the ‘O157’ refer to in E. Coli O157

A

refers to the O antigen on the surface of the organism

i.e it is a specific stereotype of the usually benign E. coli.

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25
Q

Which toxin is produced by VTEC, and what does it do

A

verotoxin- binds to cell receptors found on renal cells, RBC and others. They inhibit protein synthesis and cause cell death

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26
Q

What condition can E. Coli O157

A

haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (HUS) – increasing blood urea, red cell haemolysis and thrombocytopenia

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27
Q

What are the symptoms of an E. Coli or an E. Coli O157 infection

A

abdominal pain, bloody diarrhoea is common

28
Q

What are the potential sources for E. coli O157

A

carried as part of normal gut flora in cattle – beef becomes contaminated on the outside at slaughter – risk of minced meat/burgers rather than steak

29
Q

What is the management for an E. Coli gastroenteritis

A

symptomatic and supportive treatment only, antibiotics should not be used as it may increase the release of toxin – BLOODS MUST BE CHECKED 1 WEEK AFTER SYMTOMS FOR HUS

30
Q

What are the causative organisms for typhoid and paratyphoid fever

A

salmonella typhi

salmonella paratyphi A + B

31
Q

What is the incubation period for Salmonella typhi/paratyphi

A

14-21 days

32
Q

What does Salmonella do in the body

A

Organism invades from the gut lumen
lymphatic system
bloodstream reticuloendothelial system and gall bladder
gut lumen and invades to peyer’s patches

33
Q

What are the symptoms of a Salmonella infection

A

fever, rash on abdomen (rose spots) and diarrhoea

34
Q

What are the potential sources of Salmonella

A

human infection only – spread from person to person from drinking contaminated water/food

35
Q

What is the management of a Salmonella gastroenteritis

A

antibiotics are required, choice depends on the sensitivities however – resistance to CIPROFLOXACIN is common in developing countries - AZITHROMYCIN used

36
Q

What organism causes cholera

A

vibrio cholerae

37
Q

What kind of organism is vibrio cholerae (Gram etc)

A

gram negative baccilus

38
Q

What is the incubation period for cholera

A

1-9 days

39
Q

What is the buzzword for cholera

A

rice water stools

40
Q

How does cholera cause severe dehydration

A

Organism produces an exotoxin that causes active outpouring of fluid from cells of the small intestine – resulting in very severe watery diarrhoea

41
Q

What are the potential sources of cholera

A

human only – person to person spread from contaminated water/poor sanitation

42
Q

What is the management for a cholera gastroenteritis

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement is essential – antibiotics are NOT INDICATED

43
Q

Which organism dominates flora of the gut when normal gut flora is disrupted due to antibiotics

A

Clostrium difficile

44
Q

What type of organism is C. Difficile (Gram etc)

A

anaerobic gram positive spore forming bacillus

christ

45
Q

Here we go again

What are the 4 C’s

A

CIPROFLOXACIN
CLINDAMYCIN
CEPHALOSPORINS
CO-AMOXICLAV

46
Q

Name 3 organisms associated with preformed toxins

A

Stap Aureus
Clostridium Perfringens
Bacillus Cereus

47
Q

What does the toxin formed by Staph Aureus act on in the body

A

Acts directly on the vagus nerve

Causes vomiting

48
Q

What type of bacteria is Clostridium Perfringens (Gram etc)

A

Gram positive anaerobic bacillus

49
Q

What is C. Perfringens heavily associated with

A

reheated gravy

50
Q

What type of bacteria is Bacillus Cereus

A

gram positive aerobic bacillus

51
Q

What is Bacillus cereus heavily associated with

A

inadequately refrigerated reheated rice

52
Q

What bacteria would come to mind with a short incubation period (1-6 hours)

A

Staph Aureus

Bacillus Cereus

53
Q

What bacteria would come to mind with a medium incubation period (12-18 hours)

A

Salmonella

C. Pefringens

54
Q

What bacteria would come to mind with a long incubation period (2-14 days)

A

Camylobacter

E. Coli O157

55
Q

What kind of bacteria is Cryptosporidium

A

Protozoal

56
Q

What are the potential sources of Cryptosporidium

A

domestic animals – calves, person to person spread as well as contaminated water + swimming pools (cysts are resistant to chlorine)

57
Q

What symptoms will Cryptosporidium cause

A

diarrhoea that is particularly severe in HIV patients

58
Q

What is the management for Cryptosporidium gastroenteritis

A

symptomatic treatment only

59
Q

What kind of bacteria is giardia lamblia

A

single parasite again – protozoal

60
Q

What are the potential sources of Giardia Lamblia

A

person to person spread – associated with contaminated water supplies

61
Q

What are the symptoms of giardia lamblia

A

diarrhoea, malabsorption syndrome, anorexia, abdmonial pain, flatulence (gas)

62
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia Lamblia gastroenteritis

A

oral METRONIDAZOLE

63
Q

What is the buzzword for Giardia Lamblia

A

“Flagellated organism”

64
Q

What is the organism which is tiny white worms that looks like small pieces of thread in stool

A

enterobius vermicularis

65
Q

What are the symptoms of enterobius vermicularis

A

perianal itch, worms seen in stool

66
Q

What is the source of enterobius vermicularis

A

human to human only – poor hygiene

67
Q

What is the treatment for enterobius vermicularis

A

oral MEBENDAZOLE

not metranidazole

Misc. Notes Year 1 (13 decks)

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