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Urinary Tract > Cardio/Immuno/Blood > Flashcards

Cardio/Immuno/Blood Flashcards

1
Q

muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum (breastbone) and between the lungs. The pumping action of the heart circulates blood throughout the body. The heart consists of two smaller upper chambers, the right atrium and the left atrium (pl. atria), and two larger lower chambers, the right ventricle and the left ventricle (pl. ventricles). The right atrium receives blood returning from the body through the veins and contracts to fill the right ventricle, which then pumps blood to the lungs. The left atrium receives blood from the lungs and contracts to fill the left ventricle, which then contracts to pump blood from the heart through the arteries to body tissues. The atrial septum separates the atria and the ventricular septum separates the ventricles

A

heart

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2
Q

consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively. Valves of the heart keep blood flowing in one direction.

A

atrioventricular valves

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3
Q

pulmonary and aortic valves located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively.

A

semilunar valves

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4
Q

two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer. The internal serous layer is then divided into two parts: the outer layer, called the parietal pericardium, and the inner layer, called the epicardium. Between these is the pericardial space, which contains fluid produced by the serous layer that facilitates movement of the heart.

A

pericardium

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5
Q

outer lining covering the heart; also part of the pericardium (see above)

A

epicardium

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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7
Q

inner lining of heart

A

endocardium

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8
Q

tubelike structures that carry blood through body

A

blood vessels

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9
Q

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary artery, carry oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells. The pulmonary artery, in contrast, carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs.

A

arteries

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10
Q

smallest arteries

A

arterioles

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11
Q

largest artery in the body, which originates at the left ventricle, briefly ascends as the arch of the aorta, then descends through the thorax and abdomen

A

aorta

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12
Q

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. All veins, with the exception of the pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

A

veins

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13
Q

smallest veins

A

venules

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14
Q

largest veins in the body. The inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from body parts below the diaphragm, and the superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body.

A

venae cavae

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15
Q

microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules. Materials are passed between the blood and tissue through the capillary walls.

A

capillaries

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16
Q

fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; composed of plasma and formed elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets)

A

blood

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17
Q

clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended. Plasma is approximately 90% water. The other 10% is composed of solutes (dissolved substances), which include proteins, electrolytes, and vitamins. Plasma comprises approximately 55% of the total blood volume.

A

plasma

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18
Q

clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

A

serum

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19
Q

production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside some bones

A

cells (formed elements)

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20
Q

red blood cells that carry oxygen

A

erythrocytes

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21
Q

white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation

A

leukocytes

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22
Q

one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process

A

thrombocytes

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23
Q

transparent, colorless, tissue fluid; contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one-way direction toward the heart

A

lymph

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24
Q

transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins, which then empty into the superior vena cava. The lymphatic vessels begin as capillaries spread throughout the body then merge into larger tubes that eventually become ducts in the chest. They provide a one-way flow for lymph, which enters through veins into the circulatory system.

A

lymphatic vessels

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25
Q

small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. They may be singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels. The nodes filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign agents from entering the blood. They also contain lymphocytes.

A

lymph nodes

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26
Q

located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm. In adulthood, the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body. Blood, rather than lymph, flows through the spleen. Blood is cleansed of microorganisms in the spleen. The spleen stores blood and destroys worn out red blood cells.

A

spleen

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27
Q

one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. It plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty. Around puberty the thymus gland shrinks so that most of the gland is connective tissue.

A

thymus gland

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28
Q

angi/o

A

vessels/blood vessel

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29
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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30
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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31
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

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32
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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33
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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34
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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35
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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36
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph/lymph tissue

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37
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

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38
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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39
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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40
Q

phleb/o

A

veins

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41
Q

plasm/o

A

plasm

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42
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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43
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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44
Q

valvul/o

A

valve

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45
Q

ven/o

A

veins

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46
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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47
Q

ather/o

A

yellowish, fatty plaque

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48
Q

ech/o

A

sound

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49
Q

electr/o

A

electricity/electrical activity

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50
Q

embol/o

A

plug

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51
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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52
Q

immun/o

A

immune system

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53
Q

isch/o

A

deficiency/blockage

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54
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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55
Q

thromb/o

A

blood clot

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56
Q

brady-

A

slow

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57
Q

endo- / intra-

A

within

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58
Q

pan

A

all/ total

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59
Q

peri

A

surrounding (outer)

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60
Q

poly-

A

many

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61
Q

tachy-

A

fast/rapid

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62
Q

-apheresis

A

removal

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63
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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64
Q

-centesis

A

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid (with needle)

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65
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

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66
Q

-emia

A

in the blood

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67
Q

-genic

A

producing, originating, causing

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68
Q

-gram

A

the record, radiographic image

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69
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording radiographic imaging

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70
Q

-ia

A

diseased of abnormal state, condition of

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71
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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72
Q

-ism

A

state of

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73
Q

-itis

A

inflammation of the

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74
Q

-logist

A

one who studies and treats

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75
Q

-lysis

A

loosening, dissolution, separating

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76
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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77
Q

-oma

A

tumor/swelling

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78
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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79
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

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80
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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81
Q

-penia

A

abnormal reduction in number

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82
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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83
Q

-rrhage

A

excessive flow

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84
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suturing/ repairing

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85
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening

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86
Q

-scopy

A

visual exam

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87
Q

-stasis

A

control/ stop/standing

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88
Q

-stenosis

A

constriction or narrowing

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89
Q

-us

A

no meaning

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90
Q

tumor composed of blood vessels

A

angioma

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91
Q

narrowing of a blood vessel

A

angiostenosis

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92
Q

narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of the aortic valve)

A

aortic stenosis

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93
Q

hardening of the arteries

A

arteriosclerosis

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94
Q

hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)

A

atherosclerosis

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95
Q

condition of slow heart rate

A

bradycardia

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96
Q

enlargement of heart

A

cardiomegaly

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97
Q

disease of the heart muscle

A

cardiomyopathy

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98
Q

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

A

endocarditis

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99
Q

deficiency in blood flow caused by a constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel

A

ischemia

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100
Q

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

A

myocarditis

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101
Q

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

A

pericarditis

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102
Q

inflammation of a vein

A

phlebitis

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103
Q

inflammation of many (sits in the) arteries

A

polyarteritis

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104
Q

condition of rapid heart beat

A

tachycardia

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105
Q

inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot

A

thrombophlebitis

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106
Q

inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot

A

valvulitis

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107
Q

surgical repair of a blood vessel

A

angioplasty

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108
Q

excision of a plug (embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the plug with it)

A

embolectomy

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109
Q

excision within the artery (excision of plaque from the arterial wall)

A

endarterectomy

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110
Q

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart (usually to relieve cardiac tamponade and/or for diagnostic investigation)

A

pericardiocentesis

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111
Q

excision of a vein

A

phlebectomy

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112
Q

surgical repair of a valve

A

valvuloplasty

113
Q

radiographic imaging of blood vessels

A

angiography

114
Q

visual examination inside a blood vessel

A

angioscopy

115
Q

radiographic image of aorta

A

aortogram

116
Q

radiographic image of an artery

A

arteriogram

117
Q

radiographic image of a vein

A

venogram

118
Q

record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound (waves); (used to detect valvular disease and evaluate heart function)

A

echocardiogram

119
Q

record of the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

120
Q

process of recording the electrical activity of the heart

A

electrocardiography

121
Q

physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart

A

cardiologist

122
Q

study of heart

A

cardiology

123
Q

pertaining to the atrium and ventricle

A

atrioventricular (AV)

124
Q

originating in the heart

A

cardiogenic

125
Q

pertaining to within the vein

A

intravenous (IV)

126
Q

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Rapid assessment is necessary to determine the diagnosis and treatment and to minimize heart damage.

A

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

127
Q

ballooning of weakened portion of arterial wall

A

aneurysm

128
Q

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

A

angina pectoris

129
Q

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

A

arrhythmia

130
Q

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

A

cardiac arrest

131
Q

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

A

cardiac tamponade

132
Q

condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally; most often caused by coronary atherosclerosis. CAD is a common cause of heart failure and myocardial infarction.

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

133
Q

enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease

A

cor pulmonale

134
Q

condition of thrombus (blood clot) in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower extremities. A clot, or part of a clot, can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

135
Q

rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia

A

fibrillation

136
Q

condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (also called congestive heart failure [CHF])

A

heart failure

137
Q

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure; it may be associated with hypertrophy (abnormal thickening of the heart muscle) or dilation of the chambers of the heart (due to thinning and stretching of the heart muscle)

A

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

138
Q

condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun, increases until walking is no longer possible, and then completely resolves when the patient is at rest. It is caused by reversible muscle ischemia that occurs with peripheral artery disease.

A

intermittent claudication

139
Q

narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

A

mitral valve stenosis

140
Q

death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (also called heart attack)

A

myocardial infarction

141
Q

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery. This is caused most commonly by atherosclerosis, but occasionally by inflammatory diseases, emboli, or thrombus formation. The most common symptom of peripheral artery disease is intermittent claudication. (also called peripheral vascular disease [PVD])

A

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

142
Q

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

143
Q

distended or toruous veins usually found in the lower extremities

A

varicose veins

144
Q

battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow, secondary to an abnormal sinus node

A

artificial cardiac pacemaker

145
Q

device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. If life-threatening arrhythmias occur, the device delivers an electric shock to convert the arrhythmia back to a normal rhythm.

A

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator (AICD)

146
Q

procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) are destroyed by using a device that heats or freezes the cells

A

catheter ablation

147
Q

surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

A

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

148
Q

supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

A

coronary stent

149
Q

surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction

A

femoropopliteal bypass

150
Q

procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed. When the balloon is inflated, the vessel wall expands, allowing blood to flow more freely. (also called balloon angioplasty)

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

151
Q

injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots. It is often used in emergency departments for acute myocardial infarction.

A

thrombolytic therapy

152
Q

process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied

A

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

153
Q

tudy that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels; used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities

A

Doppler ultrasound

154
Q

nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Sestamibi, a radioactive isotope, is taken up by normal myocardial cells, but not in ischemia or infarction. These areas are identified as “cold” spots on the images produced.

A

sestamibi test

155
Q

nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images (projections) as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient. These projections are then used by a computer to generate three dimensional pictures; it also helps show the function of organs, such as coronary artery flow or active and inactive areas of the brain.

A

single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

156
Q

ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures

A

transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)

157
Q

diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels; used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease

A

cardiac catheterization

158
Q

study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. Electrocardiography is the most common method, but echocardiography and nuclear medicine scanning (diagnostic imaging tests) can also be used to measure cardiac function while exercising.

A

exercise stress test

159
Q

pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. A blood pressure measurement written as systolic pressure (120) and diastolic pressure (80) is commonly recorded as 120/80 (blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury [mm Hg]).

A

blood pressure (BP)

160
Q

contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip. The pulse is most commonly felt over the radial artery (in the wrist); however, the pulsations can be felt over a number of sites, including the femoral (groin) and carotid (neck) arteries.

A

pulse

161
Q

device used for measuring BP

A

sphygmomanometer

162
Q

blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood, which when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body. It is sometimes used in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

A

C-reactive protein (CRP)

163
Q

blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis. The test is useful in evaluating patients with acute myocardial infarction.

A

creatine phosphokinase (CPK)

164
Q

blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids (fat-like substances) in a sample of blood. This test is used to evaluate one of the risks of cardiovascular disease, and to monitor therapy for patients taking lipid-lowering medications

A

lipid profile

165
Q

blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme. Troponins are released into the blood approximately 3 hours after necrosis of the heart muscle and may remain elevated from 7 to 10 days. The test is useful in the diagnosis of a myocardial infarction.

A

troponin

166
Q

sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow. Bruits are frequently caused by abnormal narrowing of an artery.

A

bruit

167
Q

excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

hypercholesterolemia

168
Q

excessive amount of any type of fats (lipoproteins, triglycerides, and cholesterol) in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

hyperlipidemia

169
Q

blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 130/80 mm Hg in adults under the age of 60)

A

hypertension (HTN)

170
Q

excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood; associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease

A

hypertriglyceridemia

171
Q

blood pressure that is below normal (less than 90/60 mm Hg in adults under the age of 60)

A

hypotension

172
Q

unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow. It may be “innocent” (not indicating disease), or it may reflect disease or malformation, such as an abnormal heart valve.

A

murmur

173
Q

emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions; may be accompanied by artificial ventilation

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

174
Q

application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm

A

defibrillation

175
Q

agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels

A

vascoconstrictor

176
Q

agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels

A

vascodilator

177
Q

state of a plug (blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, lodged inside a blood vessel)

A

embolism

178
Q

plug (blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation)

A

embolus

179
Q

abnormal reduction of red blood cells (also called anemia)

A

erythrocytopenia

180
Q

tumor of blood collection blood that has leaked out of a broken blood vessel into the surrounding tissue

A

hematoma

181
Q

abnormal reduction of white (blood) cells (also called leukopenia)

A

leukocytopenia

182
Q

tumors of the bone marrow (a blood malignancy that most often occurs after age65. Signs and symptoms may include bone pain, infections, weight loss, anemia, and fatigue.)

A

multiple myeloma

183
Q

abnormal reduction of all (blood) cells

A

pancytopenia

184
Q

abnormal reduction of blood clotting cells (platelets)

A

thrombocytopenia

185
Q

abnormal condition of a blood clot

A

thrombosis

186
Q

blood clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)

A

thrombus

187
Q

dissolution of (red) blood (cells)

A

hemolysis

188
Q

increase in the number of lymphocytes

A

lymphocytosis

189
Q

physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood

A

hematologist

190
Q

stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

191
Q

removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood; the cells, called formed elements, are then reinfused into the donor or into another patient who needs blood cells rather than whole blood)

A

plasmapheresis

192
Q

incision into a vein (with a needle to remove blood for testing)

A

phlebotomy

193
Q

dissolution of a blood clot

A

thrombolysis

194
Q

condition in which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes (RBCs). Anemia may be caused by blood loss, by decreased production of RBCs, or by increased destruction of RBCs.

A

anemia

195
Q

disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots; examples include hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, and bleeding factor deficiencies

A

bleeding disorder

196
Q

inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

A

hemophilia

197
Q

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) formed in the bone marrow

A

leukemia

198
Q

systemic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, entering the bloodstream and multiplying; life-threatening condition, which may lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death. The overwhelming presence of pathogens in the blood is called septicemia.

A

sepsis

199
Q

group of inherited red blood cell disorders (anemias) where hemoglobin is abnormally shaped and has a shorter life cycle

A

sickle cell disease

200
Q

inherited bleeding disorder causing reduced production of healthy blood cells and hemoglobin

A

thalassemia

201
Q

procedure to obtain a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow, usually from the ilium (upper hip bone) for study; used to diagnose leukemia, infections, some types of anemia, and other blood disorders

A

bone marrow aspiration

202
Q

procedure to obtain a sample of the solid portion of bone marrow, usually from the ilium, for study; used to diagnose leukemia, infections, some types of anemia, and other blood disorders. May be performed at the same time as bone marrow aspiration.

A

bone marrow biopsy

203
Q

blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing intrinsic blood factors. Used to evaluate bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A and B and monitor some types of anticoagulation therapy such as heparin. Frequently ordered in conjunction with prothrombin time (PT/INR).

A

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPIT)

204
Q

series of tests that measure the ability of various factors in the blood to form a clot. Usually includes PT/INR, aPTT, thrombin time, and tests for platelets and fibrinogen.

A

bleeding profile

205
Q

laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets); this automated test quickly provides a tremendous amount of information about the blood

A

compete blood count with differential (CBC with diff)

206
Q

percentage of a blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes. It is used in the diagnosis and evaluation of anemic patients.

A

hematocrit (Hct)

207
Q

blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin (the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen) in the blood

A

hemoglobin (Hgb)

208
Q

blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing extrinsic blood factors. Used to evaluate bleeding disorders such as those caused by liver disease or vitamin K deficiency, or to monitor anticoagulation therapy such as warfarin. Frequently ordered in conjunction with activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT).

A

prothrombin time (PT/INR)

209
Q

infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from a matched donor into a patient with severely diseased or damaged bone marrow; the donor cells may establish a colony of new, healthy tissue in the recipient’s bone marrow

A

bone marrow transplant (BMT)

210
Q

infusion of blood-forming cells (stem cells) to replace blood cells damaged by disease or treatments, such as chemotherapy; stem cells are collected by apheresis, a process in which blood is removed from the patient or a matched donor and spun through a machine to harvest stem cells

A

peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT)

211
Q

person who operates the heart-lung machine during surgeries where the patient’s blood must be oxygenated outside of the body; perfusionists monitor and are responsible for the circulatory and respiratory function of the patient during cardiothoracic surgery

A

perfusionist

212
Q

person who performs venipuncture for the purpose of drawing blood or injecting IV fluids

A

phlebotomist

213
Q

agent that slows the blood clotting process

A

anticoagulant

214
Q

any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood

A

blood dyscrasia

215
Q

escape of blood or other fluid from a vessel into the tissue

A

extravasation

216
Q

procedure used to puncture a vein with a needle to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion (also called phlebotomy)

A

venipuncture

217
Q

inflammation of lymph nodes

A

lymphadenitis

218
Q

disease of lymph nodes (characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes associated with an infection or malignancy)

A

lymphadenopathy

219
Q

inflammation of lymph vessels

A

lymphangitis

220
Q

tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)

A

lymphoma

221
Q

enlargement of spleen

A

splenomegaly

222
Q

tumor of the thymus gland

A

thymoma

223
Q

excision of the spleen

A

splenectomy

224
Q

suturing/repairing of the spleen

A

splenorrhaphy

225
Q

excision of the thymus gland

A

thymectomy

226
Q

radiographic imaging of lymph vessels

A

lymphangiography

227
Q

acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever. The disease affects mostly young people and is often transmitted by saliva.

A

infectious mononucleosis

228
Q

swelling of tissue, usually of one arm or leg, caused by faulty lymphatic drainage

A

lymphedema

229
Q

physician who studies and treats immune system disorders

A

immunologist

230
Q

study of the immune system (branch of medicine dealing with immune system disorders)

A

immunology

231
Q

lymph cell (type of leukocyte found in lymph tissue that is a part of the immune system and fights infection)

A

lymphocyte

232
Q

advanced, chronic immune system suppression caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; manifested by opportunistic infections (such as candidiasis and tuberculosis), neurologic disease (peripheral neuropathy and cognitive motor impairment), and secondary neoplasms (Kaposi sarcoma)

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

233
Q

hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response

A

allergy

234
Q

exaggerated reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex. While symptoms may initially be mild, such as hives or sneezing, anaphylaxis can quickly become severe. When it leads to a drop in blood pressure and blockage of the airway (which can lead to death within minutes), it is called anaphylactic shock.

A

anaphylaxis

235
Q

disease caused by the body’s inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissue. Rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are examples of autoimmune diseases.

A

autoimmune disease

236
Q

disorder caused by an inability to produce an adequate immune response due to a lack of functioning antibodies, lymphocytes, or both. May be inherited, acquired by an infection, or caused by treatments, such as chemotherapy. (also called immunocompromised)

A

immunodeficiency

237
Q

illnesses caused by microorganisms that are not usually pathogenic but result in disease because of a weakened immune system

A

opportunistic infections

238
Q

disease in which clumps of inflammatory cells form in one or more organs of the body, frequently the lungs and lymph nodes. Thought to be caused by an overreaction of the immune system to an unknown substance.

A

sarcoidosis

239
Q

blood test that determines the amount of time it takes for red blood cells to settle at the bottom of a tube of blood. A faster than normal rate may indicate inflammation, part of the immune response. Because the test cannot identify a specific disease, it is usually combined with other, more specific tests. (also called sed rate)

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

240
Q

physician who studies and treats allergic conditions

A

allergist

241
Q

environmental substance capable of producing a hypersensitivity reaction (allergy) in the body. Common allergens are house dust, pollen, animal dander, and various foods.

A

allergen

242
Q

protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen)

A

antibody

243
Q

substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body. Examples of antigens are transplant tissue, toxins, and infectious organisms.

A

antigen

244
Q

being resistant to specific invading pathogens

A

immunity

245
Q

state in which in the body”s ability to fight infections or disease is reduced; may be caused by a disease process, be a treatment side effect, or induced with pharmaceuticals to prevent transplant rejection and to treat autoimmune diseases

A

immunosuppression

246
Q

suspension of weakened or killed microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray, which induces immunity to prevent an infectious disease

A

vaccine

247
Q

acute coronary syndrome

A

ACS

248
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

AFib

249
Q

coronary artery disease

A

CAD

250
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

DVT

251
Q

heart failure

A

HF

252
Q

hypertensive heart disease

A

HHD

253
Q

myocardial infarction

A

MI

254
Q

peripheral artery disease

A

PAD

255
Q

hypertension

A

HTN

256
Q

activated partial thromboplastin time

A

aPIT

257
Q

blood pressure

A

BP

258
Q

complete blood count with differential

A

CBC with diff

259
Q

creatine phosphokinase

A

CPK

260
Q

c-reactive protein

A

CRP

261
Q

digital subtraction angiography

A

DSA

262
Q

electrocardiogram

A

ECG/EKG

263
Q

echocardiogram

A

ECHO

264
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

ESR

265
Q

hematocrit

A

Hct

266
Q

hemoglobin

A

Hgb

267
Q

prothrombin time

A

PT

268
Q

single photon emission computer tomography

A

SPECT

269
Q

transesophageal echocardiogram

A

TEE

270
Q

automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator

A

AICD

271
Q

bone marrow transplant

A

BMT

272
Q

coronary artery bypass graft

A

CABG

273
Q

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A

CPR

274
Q

peripheral blood stem cell transplant

A

PBSCT

275
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

A

PTCA

276
Q

atrioventricular

A

AV

277
Q

intravenous

A

IV

278
Q

coronary care unit

A

CCU

279
Q

red blood cell

A

RBC

280
Q

white blood cell

A

WBC

Urinary Tract (7 decks)

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