Cardio: Heart

Question 1

What is the membrane that surrounds and protects the heart?

Answer 1

Pericardium

Question 2

Which layer of the heart wall is muscular and responsible for the pumping action of the heart?

Answer 2

Myocardium

Question 3

It is a wrinkled pouchlike structure that resembles a dog’s ear and slightly increases the capacity of an atrium to hold greater blood volume.

Answer 3

Auricle

Question 4

What is the thickest chamber of the heart which forms the apex?

Answer 4

Left ventricle

Question 5

What is the remnant when ductus arteriosus closed after birth?

Answer 5

Ligamentum arteriosum

Question 6

They help ensure the one-way flow of blood by opening to let blood through and then closing to prevent its backflow.

Answer 6

Valves

Question 7

What valves are made up of three crescent moon-shaped cusps which allow ejection of blood from the heart into arteries but prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles?

Answer 7

Semilunar (SL) valves

Question 8

What are the two (2) atrioventricular valves?

Answer 8

Tricuspid and bicuspid (or mitral) valve

Question 9

It is the natural pacemaker of the heart.

Answer 9

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 10

Conduction system of the heart

Answer 10

Sinoatrial (SA) node –> Atrioventricular (AV) node –> Bundle of His –> Right and left bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers

Question 11

It is a composite record of action potentials produced by all of the heart muscle fibers during each heartbeat.

Answer 11

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Question 12

ECG waves

Answer 12

P wave - atrial depolarization
QRS complex - rapid ventricular depolarization
T wave - ventricular repolarization

(depo=contract, repo=relax)
*Atrial repolarization (relaxation of atria) is hidden behind QRS complex.

Question 13

It refers to the phase of contraction.

Answer 13

Systole

Question 14

It refers to the phase of relaxation.

Answer 14

Diastole

Question 15

The first and second sound of the heart is described as?

Answer 15

S1 - lubb
S2 - dupp (or dubb)

Question 16

It is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

Answer 16

Cardiac output

Question 17

Formula for getting the cardiac output.

Answer 17

CO = SV x HR
(stroke volume x heart rate)

Question 18

What are the three (3) factors that regulate stroke volume?

Answer 18

(1) preload - the degree of stretch
(2) contractility - the forcefulness/strength of contraction
(3) afterload - the pressure that must be exceeded

Question 19

What is an elevated/fast resting heart rate? (above 100 bpm)

Answer 19

Tachycardia

Question 20

What is a decreased/slow resting heart rate? (<60 bpm)

Answer 20

Bradycardia