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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardio: Blood > Flashcards

Cardio: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three functions of blood?

A

(1) Transportation
(2) Regulation (pH, body temp., water content of cells)
(3) Protection (against blood loss and diseases)

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2
Q

What is the temperature of blood?

A

38°C (100.4°F)

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3
Q

Blood has a slightly alkaline pH ranging from?

A

7.35-7.45 (Average: 7.4)

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4
Q

What is the color of blood when saturated with oxygen?

A

Bright red

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5
Q

What is the color of blood when unsaturated with oxygen?

A

Dark red

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6
Q

What is the average blood volume for male and female adults?

A

Male: 5-6 L
Female: 4-5 L

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7
Q

What are the two (2) components of blood?

A

Plasma (55%) and Formed Elements (45%)

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8
Q

It is a liquid connective tissue consists of cells (formed elements) surrounded by liquid (plasma).

A

Blood

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9
Q

What does blood transport?

A

O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes

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10
Q

What are the three (3) plasma proteins synthesized by hepatocytes (liver cells)?

A

Albumins (54%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (7%)

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11
Q

They are also called antibodies or immunoglobulins because they are produced during certain immune responses.

A

Plasma proteins

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12
Q

What transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs?

A

Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes

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13
Q

They protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.

A

White blood cells or leukocytes

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14
Q

They are fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus which release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged.

A

Platelets

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15
Q

What do you call the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs?

A

Hematocrit

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16
Q

What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult females?

A

38-46% (average: 42)

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17
Q

What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult males?

A

40-54% (average: 47)

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18
Q

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop.

A

Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

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19
Q

What is the source of blood cells after birth and throughout life?

A

Red bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the stem cells that give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells

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21
Q

What are the stem cells that give rise to lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells?

A

Lymphoid stem cells

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22
Q

What hormone produced by the cells in the kidneys increases the number of red blood cell precursors?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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23
Q

What hormone is produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes?

A

Thrombopoietin

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24
Q

What are the small glycoproteins acting as local hormones that stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and regulate the activities of cells involved in nonspecific defenses and immune responses?

A

Cytokines

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25
Q

It is the oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells that gives blood its red color.

A

Hemoglobin

26
Q

What is the shape of an RBC caused by the loss of nucleus?

A

Biconcave

27
Q

What is the protein molecule of hemoglobin?

A

Globin

28
Q

What is the ringlike nonprotein pigment of hemoglobin that contains an iron ion at the center?

A

Heme

29
Q

It is a gaseous hormone released by hemoglobin that causes vasodilation.

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

30
Q

What is the average lifespan of RBCs?

A

120 days

31
Q

What gives the urine its yellow pigment?

A

Urobilin

32
Q

What gives the feces its characteristic brown color?

A

Stercobilin

33
Q

What is the plasma protein that transports Fe3+ (iron) in the bloodstream?

A

Transferrin

34
Q

It is the iron-storage protein in the muscle fibers, liver cells, and macrophages of the spleen and liver.

A

Ferritin

35
Q

What is the term for the production of RBCs?

A

Erythropoiesis

36
Q

It is an oxygen deficiency at the tissue level which is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis.

A

Hypoxia

37
Q

What is the medical term for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

38
Q

What are the three (3) granular leukocytes?

A

[BEN]
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

39
Q

What are the two (2) agranular leukocytes?

A

Lymphocyte, Monocyte

40
Q

They are proteins called “cell identity markers” that are unique for each person.

A

Major Histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

41
Q

What is the increase in the number of WBCs.

A

Leukocytosis

42
Q

What is the term for abnormally low level of white blood cells?

A

Leukopenia

43
Q

What is the process of WBCs leaving the bloodstream going to endothelium?

A

Emigration or diapedesis

44
Q

It is the phenomenon where several different chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes.

A

Chemotaxis

45
Q

What are the three (3) main types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

46
Q

Their granules contain chemicals, that once released, promote blood clotting.

A

Platelets

47
Q

What is the lifespan of platelets?

A

5-9 days

48
Q

What are the two (2) pathways that lead to the formation of prothrombinase?

A

Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways

49
Q

It is the pathway referred to as the 2nd and 3rd stages of blood clotting.

A

Common pathway

50
Q

What vitamin does the normal clotting depends on?

A

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin produced by the bacteria of the large intestine.

51
Q

What are the two major blood groups?

A

ABO and Rh

52
Q

What are three (3) mechanisms that reduce blood loss?

A

(1) vascular spasm
(2) platelet plug formation
(3) blood clotting (coagulation)

53
Q

In the ABO blood group, if a person only has antigen A, what is his blood type?

A

Type A

54
Q

In the ABO blood group, if a person has anti-B antibody, what is his blood type?

A

Type A

55
Q

It is the rupture of the RBCs and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma?

A

Hemolysis

56
Q

What blood type is called as “universal recipients”?

A

Type AB

57
Q

What blood type is called as “universal donors”?

A

Type O

58
Q

People whose RBCs have Rh antigens are designated as?

A

Rh positive (+)

those who lack Rh antigens are designated Rh negative (-)

59
Q

In this procedure, the possible donor RBCs are mixed with the recipient’s serum.

A

Cross-match

If agglutination does not occur, the recipient does not have antibodies that will attack the donor RBCs.

60
Q

What disease can occur when an Rh− mother is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus?

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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