Cardio: Blood

Question 1

What are the three functions of blood?

Answer 1

(1) Transportation
(2) Regulation (pH, body temp., water content of cells)
(3) Protection (against blood loss and diseases)

Question 2

What is the temperature of blood?

Answer 2

38°C (100.4°F)

Question 3

Blood has a slightly alkaline pH ranging from?

Answer 3

7.35-7.45 (Average: 7.4)

Question 4

What is the color of blood when saturated with oxygen?

Answer 4

Bright red

Question 5

What is the color of blood when unsaturated with oxygen?

Answer 5

Dark red

Question 6

What is the average blood volume for male and female adults?

Answer 6

Male: 5-6 L
Female: 4-5 L

Question 7

What are the two (2) components of blood?

Answer 7

Plasma (55%) and Formed Elements (45%)

Question 8

It is a liquid connective tissue consists of cells (formed elements) surrounded by liquid (plasma).

Answer 8

Blood

Question 9

What does blood transport?

Answer 9

O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes

Question 10

What are the three (3) plasma proteins synthesized by hepatocytes (liver cells)?

Answer 10

Albumins (54%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (7%)

Question 11

They are also called antibodies or immunoglobulins because they are produced during certain immune responses.

Answer 11

Plasma proteins

Question 12

What transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs?

Answer 12

Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes

Question 13

They protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.

Answer 13

White blood cells or leukocytes

Question 14

They are fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus which release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged.

Answer 14

Platelets

Question 15

What do you call the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs?

Answer 15

Hematocrit

Question 16

What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult females?

Answer 16

38-46% (average: 42)

Question 17

What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult males?

Answer 17

40-54% (average: 47)

Question 18

The process by which the formed elements of blood develop.

Answer 18

Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Question 19

What is the source of blood cells after birth and throughout life?

Answer 19

Red bone marrow

Question 20

What are the stem cells that give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells?

Answer 20

Myeloid stem cells

Question 21

What are the stem cells that give rise to lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells?

Answer 21

Lymphoid stem cells

Question 22

What hormone produced by the cells in the kidneys increases the number of red blood cell precursors?

Answer 22

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 23

What hormone is produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes?

Answer 23

Thrombopoietin

Question 24

What are the small glycoproteins acting as local hormones that stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and regulate the activities of cells involved in nonspecific defenses and immune responses?

Answer 24

Cytokines

Question 25

It is the oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells that gives blood its red color.

Answer 25

Hemoglobin

Question 26

What is the shape of an RBC caused by the loss of nucleus?

Answer 26

Biconcave

Question 27

What is the protein molecule of hemoglobin?

Answer 27

Globin

Question 28

What is the ringlike nonprotein pigment of hemoglobin that contains an iron ion at the center?

Answer 28

Heme

Question 29

It is a gaseous hormone released by hemoglobin that causes vasodilation.

Answer 29

Nitric oxide (NO)

Question 30

What is the average lifespan of RBCs?

Answer 30

120 days

Question 31

What gives the urine its yellow pigment?

Answer 31

Urobilin

Question 32

What gives the feces its characteristic brown color?

Answer 32

Stercobilin

Question 33

What is the plasma protein that transports Fe3+ (iron) in the bloodstream?

Answer 33

Transferrin

Question 34

It is the iron-storage protein in the muscle fibers, liver cells, and macrophages of the spleen and liver.

Answer 34

Ferritin

Question 35

What is the term for the production of RBCs?

Answer 35

Erythropoiesis

Question 36

It is an oxygen deficiency at the tissue level which is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis.

Answer 36

Hypoxia

Question 37

What is the medical term for white blood cells?

Answer 37

Leukocytes

Question 38

What are the three (3) granular leukocytes?

Answer 38

[BEN] Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils

Question 39

What are the two (2) agranular leukocytes?

Answer 39

Lymphocyte, Monocyte

Question 40

They are proteins called "cell identity markers" that are unique for each person.

Answer 40

Major Histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

Question 41

What is the increase in the number of WBCs.

Answer 41

Leukocytosis

Question 42

What is the term for abnormally low level of white blood cells?

Answer 42

Leukopenia

Question 43

What is the process of WBCs leaving the bloodstream going to endothelium?

Answer 43

Emigration or diapedesis

Question 44

It is the phenomenon where several different chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes.

Answer 44

Chemotaxis

Question 45

What are the three (3) main types of lymphocytes?

Answer 45

B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells

Question 46

Their granules contain chemicals, that once released, promote blood clotting.

Answer 46

Platelets

Question 47

What is the lifespan of platelets?

Answer 47

5-9 days

Question 48

What are the two (2) pathways that lead to the formation of prothrombinase?

Answer 48

Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways

Question 49

It is the pathway referred to as the 2nd and 3rd stages of blood clotting.

Answer 49

Common pathway

Question 50

What vitamin does the normal clotting depends on?

Answer 50

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin produced by the bacteria of the large intestine.

Question 51

What are the two major blood groups?

Answer 51

ABO and Rh

Question 52

What are three (3) mechanisms that reduce blood loss?

Answer 52

(1) vascular spasm (2) platelet plug formation (3) blood clotting (coagulation)

Question 53

In the ABO blood group, if a person only has antigen A, what is his blood type?

Answer 53

Type A

Question 54

In the ABO blood group, if a person has anti-B antibody, what is his blood type?

Answer 54

Type A

Question 55

It is the rupture of the RBCs and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma?

Answer 55

Hemolysis

Question 56

What blood type is called as "universal recipients"?

Answer 56

Type AB

Question 57

What blood type is called as "universal donors"?

Answer 57

Type O

Question 58

People whose RBCs have Rh antigens are designated as?

Answer 58

Rh positive (+) those who lack Rh antigens are designated Rh negative (-)

Question 59

In this procedure, the possible donor RBCs are mixed with the recipient's serum.

Answer 59

Cross-match If agglutination does not occur, the recipient does not have antibodies that will attack the donor RBCs.

Question 60

What disease can occur when an Rh− mother is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus?

Answer 60

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)