Cardio: Blood Flashcards
What are the three functions of blood?
(1) Transportation
(2) Regulation (pH, body temp., water content of cells)
(3) Protection (against blood loss and diseases)
What is the temperature of blood?
38°C (100.4°F)
Blood has a slightly alkaline pH ranging from?
7.35-7.45 (Average: 7.4)
What is the color of blood when saturated with oxygen?
Bright red
What is the color of blood when unsaturated with oxygen?
Dark red
What is the average blood volume for male and female adults?
Male: 5-6 L
Female: 4-5 L
What are the two (2) components of blood?
Plasma (55%) and Formed Elements (45%)
It is a liquid connective tissue consists of cells (formed elements) surrounded by liquid (plasma).
Blood
What does blood transport?
O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes
What are the three (3) plasma proteins synthesized by hepatocytes (liver cells)?
Albumins (54%)
Globulins (38%)
Fibrinogen (7%)
They are also called antibodies or immunoglobulins because they are produced during certain immune responses.
Plasma proteins
What transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs?
Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes
They protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances.
White blood cells or leukocytes
They are fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus which release chemicals that promote blood clotting when blood vessels are damaged.
Platelets
What do you call the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs?
Hematocrit
What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult females?
38-46% (average: 42)
What is the normal range of hematocrit for adult males?
40-54% (average: 47)
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop.
Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
What is the source of blood cells after birth and throughout life?
Red bone marrow
What are the stem cells that give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells?
Myeloid stem cells
What are the stem cells that give rise to lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells?
Lymphoid stem cells
What hormone produced by the cells in the kidneys increases the number of red blood cell precursors?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
What hormone is produced by the liver that stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes?
Thrombopoietin
What are the small glycoproteins acting as local hormones that stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and regulate the activities of cells involved in nonspecific defenses and immune responses?
Cytokines
It is the oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells that gives blood its red color.
Hemoglobin
What is the shape of an RBC caused by the loss of nucleus?
Biconcave
What is the protein molecule of hemoglobin?
Globin
What is the ringlike nonprotein pigment of hemoglobin that contains an iron ion at the center?
Heme
It is a gaseous hormone released by hemoglobin that causes vasodilation.
Nitric oxide (NO)
What is the average lifespan of RBCs?
120 days
What gives the urine its yellow pigment?
Urobilin
What gives the feces its characteristic brown color?
Stercobilin
What is the plasma protein that transports Fe3+ (iron) in the bloodstream?
Transferrin
It is the iron-storage protein in the muscle fibers, liver cells, and macrophages of the spleen and liver.
Ferritin
What is the term for the production of RBCs?
Erythropoiesis
It is an oxygen deficiency at the tissue level which is the main stimulus for erythropoiesis.
Hypoxia
What is the medical term for white blood cells?
Leukocytes
What are the three (3) granular leukocytes?
[BEN]
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
What are the two (2) agranular leukocytes?
Lymphocyte, Monocyte
They are proteins called “cell identity markers” that are unique for each person.
Major Histocompatibility (MHC) antigens
What is the increase in the number of WBCs.
Leukocytosis
What is the term for abnormally low level of white blood cells?
Leukopenia
What is the process of WBCs leaving the bloodstream going to endothelium?
Emigration or diapedesis
It is the phenomenon where several different chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissues attract phagocytes.
Chemotaxis
What are the three (3) main types of lymphocytes?
B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells
Their granules contain chemicals, that once released, promote blood clotting.
Platelets
What is the lifespan of platelets?
5-9 days
What are the two (2) pathways that lead to the formation of prothrombinase?
Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways
It is the pathway referred to as the 2nd and 3rd stages of blood clotting.
Common pathway
What vitamin does the normal clotting depends on?
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin produced by the bacteria of the large intestine.
What are the two major blood groups?
ABO and Rh
What are three (3) mechanisms that reduce blood loss?
(1) vascular spasm
(2) platelet plug formation
(3) blood clotting (coagulation)
In the ABO blood group, if a person only has antigen A, what is his blood type?
Type A
In the ABO blood group, if a person has anti-B antibody, what is his blood type?
Type A
It is the rupture of the RBCs and the release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma?
Hemolysis
What blood type is called as “universal recipients”?
Type AB
What blood type is called as “universal donors”?
Type O
People whose RBCs have Rh antigens are designated as?
Rh positive (+)
those who lack Rh antigens are designated Rh negative (-)
In this procedure, the possible donor RBCs are mixed with the recipient’s serum.
Cross-match
If agglutination does not occur, the recipient does not have antibodies that will attack the donor RBCs.
What disease can occur when an Rh− mother is pregnant with an Rh+ fetus?
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
