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cardiopulminary > cardio 3.1 > Flashcards

cardio 3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

where can we find intra-alveolar pressure (intrapulmonary)

A

In the lungs

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2
Q

through what two forces is negative intrapleural pressure established

A

1) The lungs natural tendancy to recoil
2) The surface tension of the alveolar fluid (surfactant) constantly cacts to draw the alveoli to their smallest possible demension

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3
Q

what opposes the lung collapsing forces

A

The natural elasticity of the chest wall, pulls the thorax outward, and and enlarges the lungs.

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4
Q

what allows the negative pressure of the lungs and the elastissticity of the chest wall to coexist

A

the strong adhesive force between the parietal and visceral pleura (think water between two pieces of glass)

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5
Q

what pressures are involved in breathing (4)

A
  • atmospheric pressure
  • intra-alveolar pressure
  • intrapleural pressure
  • transpulmonary pressure
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6
Q

what pressures keeps the lungs from collapsing

A

the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures (Ppul - Pip)

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7
Q

what determins the size of the lungs at any given time

A

thanspulmonary pressure (greater the pressure, the larger the lungs)

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8
Q

what is Boyle’s law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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9
Q

what is alveolar pressure equal to at rest

A

atmospheric pressure (alveolar pressure = 0)

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10
Q

what is the intrapleural pressure at rest

A

Negative, the opposing forces of the lungs are trying to collapse and the chest wall trying to expand a negative pressure in the intrapleural space

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11
Q

what is the Lung volume at rest

A

FRC (think waves)

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12
Q

when inspiratory muscles contract, what occurs to the thorax

A

volume increases

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13
Q

what happens to the alveolar tissue pressure as the lung volume increases

A

decreases to less then atmospheric pressure

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14
Q

as the pressure in the lungs becomes negative, what occurs

A

airflow will continue until the pressure radiant dissipates

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15
Q

what happens to the interpleural pressure during inspiration

A

it becomes more negative

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16
Q

what occurs as the lung volume increases concerning recoil and the interpleral space

A

the elastic recoil strength increases- as a result the interpleural space becomes even more negative

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17
Q

how much will the lung volume increase by in a normal inspiration

A

One TV

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18
Q

during expiration, what occurs to the the alveolar pressure

A

becomes greater than atmospheric pressure (due to increases elastic forces on the lungs)

19
Q

what happens to the interpleural pressure when

1) Normal expiration
2) forced expiration

A

1) intrapleural pressure returns to normal

2) intrapleural pressure becomes positive

20
Q

how does positive pressure effect expiration

A

makes it more difficult

21
Q

energy obtained during expiration help over come what 3 factors

A
  • airway resistance
  • alveolar surface tension
  • lung compliance
22
Q

how does contraction and relaxation of bronchial smooth muschle effect airway resistance

A

it alters the radius of the airways

23
Q

what effect does parasympathetic stmilation have on the airways

A

constricts the airway (muscurinic agonist, irritants and the slow reacting substances on anaphylaxis)

24
Q

sympathetic stimuilation and sympathetic agonist do what

A
  • dilate the airway via beta2 receptors
  • increase the radius
  • decrease the resistances to airflow
25
Q

what is Laplace’s Law

A

P=2T/R
P=collapsing pressure on the alveolus or pressure required to keep alveolus open
T=surface tension
r=raduis of the alveolus

26
Q

what role does pulmonary serfactant play

A

helps prevent collapse of the alveoli within the lung

27
Q

what is surfactant composed of

A

phospholipid DPPC and other lipids, proteins and carbohydrate

28
Q

why are phospholipids considered to be the major component in surfactant

A

due to its amphipathic properties

29
Q

what is the function of surfactant

A

to lower surface tension and subsequently \reduce the tendency of alveoli to collapse completely

30
Q

what happens to the alveolus as it gets bigger

A

the collapsing pressure decreases, and they become easier to keep open.

31
Q

fancy word for collapse

A

atelectasis

32
Q

what is complience and what is the formula

A

the change in colume for a giben change in pressure

C=V/P

33
Q

what decreases complience

A

high expanding pressures, creating stiffer lungs (the more energy it takes to breath)

34
Q

what begins an asthma attack

A

when an allergen is inhaled and binds to IgE antibodies on the mas cell in the lungs

35
Q

what is released once IgE is bound

A

Histamine

Leukotrienes

36
Q

what are the 6 common environmental triggers of asthma

A

1) house dust mites
2) cockroach allergen
3) animal allergens
4) pollen allergens
5) mold allergens
6) nonallergic airborne irratants

37
Q

what are the two stages of asthma caused by histamine and leukotrienes

A
  • 1st early phase or reaction occur within 1 hout of exposure to allergen
  • 2nd attract an accumulation of inflamitory cells this developes the LATE PHASE usually 4-5 hours after exposure
38
Q

true or false: it is not suspected that there is a genetic aspect of allergies

A

False

39
Q

as asthma progresses attacks can be triggered by non-specific factors like what

A

Cold air, exercise, and tobacco smoke.

40
Q

asthma is physiologically and pathologically charecterized by what 4 things?

A
  • increased resonsiveness of the trachea and bronchi
  • contraction of airway smooth muscle
  • mucosal thickening from edema and cellular infiltration
  • collection of abnormally thick plugs of mucus in the airways
41
Q

what are the two most common causes of obstructive lung disease

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Asthma

42
Q

what are some condition that cause restrictive lung disease(3)

A
  • interstitial lund disease such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • obesity
  • neuromuscular disease, such as muscular dystrophy or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
43
Q

how is airflow measured

A

the subject exhales as rapidly as possible into a spirometer and measuring forced expiratory volume

44
Q

how much air should a health adult be able to expel in 1 second

A

75-85% of the vital capacity.

cardiopulminary (14 decks)

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